Учебное пособие в систематизированном виде содержит необходимые для изучения курса лексикологии английского языка вспомогательные материалы: планы семинаров, определения основных понятий и терминов на английском и русском языках, темы курсовых

Graphicfal abbreviation is the result of shortening of a word or a word- group only in written speech (for the economy of space and effort in writing), while orally the corresponding full form is used. Examples: bldg - building, govt - government, rep - representative. In graphical abbreviations of Latin origin in spelling Latin words are shortened, but orally the corresponding English equivalents are pronounced in the full form: e.g. - for example (exempli gratia), i.e. - that is (id est), g.f. - girl friend.
Clipping is the process of cutting off one or several syllables of a word.
Apocope [o'p9kg(u)pi] (or back-clipping) is a final clipping, e.g. prof (professor), ibid (ibidem), ad (advertisement), teen (teenager).
Aphaeresis [o'ferosis] (or apheresis [a'ferisis], also fore-clipping) is an initial clipping, e.g. varsity (university), Bella (Isabella), cello (violoncello).
Syncope ['sigkopi] is a medial clipping, e.g. maths (mathematics), mart (market), comms (communications), specs (spectacles).
Fore-and-aft clipping is an initial and final clipping, e.g. flu (influenza), frig/fridge (refrigerator), tec (detective), Liza (Elizabeth).
Blending is the process of merging parts of words into one new word - a blend.
Blend (or blending, telescoped word ['teliskoupt], portmanteau word [pod'm^ntou], fusion) is a word that combines parts of two words and includes the letters or/and sounds they may have in common as a connecting element, e.g. binary + digit -> bit, Oxford + Cambridge -> Oxbridge, Cambridge + Oxford -> Camford.
The term portmanteau word was coined by Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking-Glass in 1872 to explain some of the words he made up in the non­sense poem Jabberwocky: slithy means “lithe and slimy”. He described such creations as words into which two meanings are packed as in a portmanteau. This term is less comprehensible to us now that the literal sense of portmanteau has gone out of use. It derives from the French term for a large stiff carrying case for clothes, which is hinged in the middle so that it falls open into two halves. This process of word-formation is also called telescoping, because the words seem to slide into one another like sections of a telescope.
Additive blend is a blend which is transformable into a phrase consisting of the respective complete stems combined by the conjunction and. The compo­nents may be synonymous, belong to the same semantic field or at least be members of the same lexico-grammatical class of words. For instance, breakfast and lunch -> brunch, Russian and English -> Runglish.