'If there is an Infinite,' they said, 'it is one, for if there were two, they could not be
infinite, but would be finite one towards the other. But that which exists is infinite,
and there cannot be more such. Therefore that which exists is one. '
Nothing can be more decided
than Eleatic Monism, and with it the admission of a
soul, the Infinite in man, as different from God, the Infinite in nature, would have
been inconceivable
.
In India. . . . the conclusion was. . . . that these two.
Brahman
and
Atman
[the
spirit] were in their nature one
.
The early Christians, also, at least those who had been brought up in the schools
of Neo-platomst philosophy, had a clear perception that, if the soul is infinite and
immortal in its nature, it cannot be anything beside God or by the side of God, but
that it must be God and in God St. Paul gave but his
own bold expression to the
same faith or knowledge, when he uttered the words which have startled so many
theologians:
'In Him we live and move and have our being.'
If anyone else had
uttered these words, they would at once have been condemned as pantheism. No
doubt they are pantheism, and yet they express the very key-note of Christianity. The
divine sonship of man is
only a metaphorical expression, but it was meant originally
to embody the same idea. . . . And when the question was asked how the
consciousness of this divine sonship could ever have been lost, the answer given by
Christianity was,
by sin,
the answer given by the 'Upanishads' was, by
avidyâ
nescience. This marks the similarity, and at the same time the characteristic
difference between these two religions. The question how nescience laid hold of the
human soul, and made it imagine that it could live or move or have a true being
anywhere but in Brahman, remains as unanswerable in Hindu philosophy as in
Christianity the question how sin first came into the world.
Both
philosophies, that of the East and that of the West, start from a common point,
namely from the conviction that our ordinary knowledge is uncertain, if not
altogether wrong. This revolt of the human mind against itself is the first step in all
philosophy.
In our own philosophical language we might express the same question by asking,
how did the real become phenomenal and how can the phenomenal become real
again, or, in other words, how was the infinite changed
into the finite, how was the
eternal changed into the temporal, and how can the temporal regain its eternal nature,
or, to put it into more familiar language, how was this world created, and how can it
be uncreated again.
Nescience or
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