phenomenal world. A great many attempts
have been made to define
what logic is.
But
in its essence logic is just as undefinable as mathematics.
What is mathematics? The science of magnitudes.
What is logic? The science of concepts.
But these are not definitions, they are merely a
translation
of the name. Mathematics,
or the science of magnitudes, is a system studying
quantitative
relations between
things; logic or the science of concepts
is a system studying
qualitative
(categorical)
relations between things.
Logic is constructed on exactly the same plan as mathematics. Both logic and
mathematics (at least the mathematics of 'finite' and 'constant' numbers) are deduced by
us from observing the phenomena
of our
world. By means of generalizing our
observations we gradually found relations which we called the
fundamental laws of the
world.
In logic these fundamental laws are contained in the axioms of Aristotle and Bacon.
A
is A (That which was A will be A)
A is not not A (That which was not A will be not A)
Each thing is either A or not A (Each thing must be A or not A)
The logic of Aristotle and Bacon, elaborated and supplemented by their numerous
followers, operates
solely with concepts.
Logos,
the word, is the subject of logic. To become the subject of logical reasoning,
to be governed by the laws of logic an idea must be expressed in a word. What cannot
be expressed in a word cannot enter into a logical system. Moreover, the
word
can enter
a
logical system, be subject to logical laws
only as a concept.
At the same time we know perfectly well that
not everything can be expressed in
words.
In our life and in our feelings there is a great deal that cannot be fitted into
concepts. So it is clear that even at this moment, at the present stage of our
development, by no means everything can be
logical
for us. A
great many things are
essentially
outside logic.
Such is the entire domain of feelings, emotions, religion. All
art is a complete illogicality. And we shall see presently that
mathematics,
the most
exact of
all sciences, is also completely illogical.*
If we compare the logical axioms of Aristotle and Bacon with the axioms of the
generally known mathematics, we shall see that they are entirely identical.
The axioms of logic * Strictly speaking, the science parallel to logic is not
mathematics, but geometry.