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WESTMORELAND COUNTY
CHIEF’S
1st Edition 2010 Printing made possible by: 
Developed by the Fire Chiefs Association of Westmoreland County The purpose of this guidebook is to enhance the safety of firefighter response personnel and improve operational consistency. Many firefighting tactics have been improved in the name of safety in recent years bringing many recommendations and protocols to fire officers that make for a safer fire ground. Most important for the fire officer is the incident management and fire ground personnel accountability and life safety. OSHA requirements for Hazardous Material Awareness has changed and NFPA Standards have brought many practices into the fire service that could prove to be a liability concern for you as an officer and the protection of your crews. This guidebook is derived from many resources that have been recognized as leaders in firefighting information and instruction. It also has source information from other states and fire departments outside the County or the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Please remember this is only a guidebook and there is no substitute for your own research, training, and department or municipal guidelines and procedures. While this guidebook can help in refreshing your operational functions on the fire ground it is only to be used as a supplement to your department’s day to day response. The Guidebook is formatted with a simple one page index with page numbers to lead you to the area you may want to review or use while managing an incident. Please consider creating a binder to hold this guidebook and place pages into the sections of the index as needed. The Volunteer Fire Officer of the 21st century has become a professional of personnel management, finance & budget director, and a highly visible leader in the community. The tools within this guidebook are to help you assist with documentation and other aspects you may face today to be best prepared for situations meeting those demands. Sources of material contained within this document: Westmoreland Department of Public Safety Westmoreland County Board of Commissioners Lancaster County Fire Chiefs Handbook FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency Kemah Fire Department, Texas Mount Lebanon Fire Department, Pennsylvania Volunteer & combination Officers Section of the IAFC NFPA reference Fire Chief Magazine Office of the State Fire Commissioner, Pennsylvania International Critical Incident Stress Management, Inc. 2001 Mike McEvoy – FireRescue1.com Magazine2009 © 12/10/07 www.ResponderSafety.com NFPA 472 Hazardous Material Emergency Planning & Response Act of 1990, P.L. 639, No. 165 Pennsylvania State Police – Greensburg LEPC Local Emergency Planning Commission – Westmoreland County PEMA Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency PA Region 13 Task Force WCCC Westmoreland County Community College Public Safety Training Center ______________________________________________________ Index
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_________________________________________________________________________________ ICS Fire Chart 
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_______________________________________________________ FIREGROUND ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEM Purpose: To maintain an accurate documentation of exposure times in hazardous environments and also to insure the safety and well being of all firefighters.
who has assumed responsibility for all fire department actions, at the time of the incident, and works with EOC personnel when needed
be the incident commander) and is responsible for correct and accurate documentation of all exposures and rest time; may have appointed assistant to work staging areas. Reports to the incident commander. AREA COMMANDER - Assigned by the incident commander and may command any of numerous areas on, or off, the fireground itself. Assists in whatever capacity needed and reports to the incident commander.
All firefighters are equipped with two (2) engraved accountability tags. The accountability tags are used to identify and account for each firefighter who enters the fireground, and to track their entry into interior sectors or rehabilitation sectors. These tags should be used as follows: Upon arrival at the fireground, one of the tags shall be removed immediately and placed on the key ring on the apparatus the firefighter is responding on. This tag documents that you are, or have been on the fireground. This enables the fireground safety officer to keep count of the number of personnel used at the scene. Upon your entry into a hazardous environment, the second tag shall be pulled and given to the appointed safety officer or IC. The first in company should pull both tags, if they know they will encounter a hazardous environment before the arrival of a safety officer or IC. This action will document your time of entry and time of egress, for possible medical review at a later date. The maximum number of entries into a hazardous environment without rest time shall be limited to two (2). When you egress for the second time, you will be given your tag and you should then proceed to the rest and recuperation area give, the officer your tag and then rest and refresh yourself while waiting further orders. Under most circumstances, the minimum time spent in R & R shall be 30 minutes. This shall enable us to keep a fresh crew in rotation and thus make our Department more efficient. Once the incident commander has officially ended the incident the safety officer should have no tags and all rings should be placed back on the apparatus. If a tag is left either place, then someone left without picking up his or her tags or he or she is still on the fireground somewhere and a search and rescue effort shall then be put into effect. The safety officer, his assistant, and the area commanders shall then make a full report to the incident commander who will file all documentation after review. CONCLUSION The safety and health of all firefighters is the reasoning behind this system. Accurate documentation can and will help in the future. However, this system will only work if we make it work for us. The cooperation of all firefighters is needed and appreciated. www.kemahfire.com 
Credit - Mt. Lebanon Fire Chief Nick Sohyda 
Credit – Mt. Lebanon Fire Department   
OPERATIONAL GUIDELINE - Sample PAR - PERSONNEL ACCOUNTABILITY REPORT ROLL CALL PROCEDURES PURPOSE To identify a method to confirm that all personnel are accounted for within a geographic area, or "hot zone" of an incident. Use of this procedure will enhance personal safety, by providing the Incident Commander (IC) with an updated account of all personnel whenever there is significant change in the action plan or a catastrophic change in the incident. DEFINITIONS Positive communications: Contact maintained by visual, verbal, physical or electronic means. Emergency Traffic: The phrase “emergency traffic” is the code word used in radio communications to indicate a critical, life safety related message. Emergency traffic has priority over all other radio communications WITH THE EXCEPTION OF A MAYDAY MESSAGE. Hot Zone: The immediate area surrounding the incident that poses a threat to life, causes adverse health effects or would interfere with one’s ability to escape due to fire, hazardous materials, structural collapse, confined space, explosions, environmental features, etc. The zone extends far enough to prevent adverse effects from weather conditions or spontaneous releases. Passport Accountability System: A recognized accountability system that identifies and tracks all personnel working at an incident. Personnel Accountability Report (PAR): A term used to confirm that all personnel assigned to a group, division, unit or incident have been identified and located. Example: "Engine 17 to Command, I have a PAR" (all members accounted for). Standby: The term “standby” is a code word indicating that a leader is requesting more time (normally 2 minutes) to account for their personnel. PROCEDURE I. A roll call will be conducted in an orderly fashion by radio or face-to-face between the IC and each unit or command function/division, after each leader has had positive communication with the persons/crews within their direct span of control. Whenever possible, each division or group should account for personnel within their span without the use of the radio in order to keep operational channels open for emergency traffic. II. The IC may chose to conduct an emergency roll call when crews are missing, injured, or trapped in order to expedite the rescue. This emergency roll call may only involve certain areas of the incident where the catastrophic change has occurred; therefore, it is important for all leaders/commanders to listen for an emergency roll call and be ready to answer, only if they are queried.
1 . Any report of a missing or trapped fire fighter 2 . Any time a Mayday is called 3 . Any change from offensive to defensive 4 . Any sudden hazardous event at the incident - flashover, back draft, structural collapse, etc. 5 . At every 30 minutes of elapsed time 6 . At a report of fire under control 7 . Any time an “Abandon” order is given. 8 . Any time Command feels it is necessary IV. The number of units assigned to an incident, the span of control, and the geographic area may determine how long the IC should wait to query leaders after announcing a roll call. A roll call should begin within 2 minutes for the normal incident. Although a systematic method of querying units/divisions is preferred (numerically, alphabetically), this doesn’t limit the IC to a random method based on Maydays, known areas of collapse, units within the hot zone, etc. Example: 1 . The Incident Commander will order a PAR, specifying if it is an emergency PAR. A. “Firecom & companies on the Cherrydale scene, stand by for a PAR” 2 . Firecom will repeat the request for a PAR: A. “Companies operating at the Cherrydale scene, standby for a PAR” 3 . Each company/division will answer in one of the following manners when called by the IC: A. “Engine 214 has a PAR” This response will mean all members assigned to Engine 214 are safe. B. “Division A – Standby: This response means that the Division A leader needs more time to insure personnel are safe. In this case, the IC will pass over Division A. (1). Note: All companies, divisions or groups are called before returning to those that have requested more time. C. “Ladder 2121 has Emergency Traffic”: This response indicates there is no PAR and the Incident Commander must initiate a firefighter rescue plan.
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_______________________________________________________ NFPA 1584, "Standard on the Rehabilitation Process for Members during Emergency Operations and Training Exercises” Effective January 2008 Who's responsible for what? Each department is responsible for developing and implementing rehab SOGs. On scene, the Company Officer or supervisor must assess his or her crew to determine members in need of rehab at least every 45 minutes. Individual firefighters and their supervisors should undergo rehab following use of a second 30-minute SCBA cylinder, after a single 45- or 60-minute cylinder, or after 40 minutes of intense work without SCBA. Supervisors are permitted to adjust these time frames depending on work or environmental conditions. In addition, EMS staff must have the authority to detain members in rehab or transport members when there are obvious indications preventing them from return to full duty. How to implement 1584 There are nine key components of rehab required by NFPA 1584: 1. Relief from climactic conditions — An area free of smoke and sheltered from extreme heat or cold is provided. This might be a non-fire floor in a high-rise building, a shaded area upwind from a brush fire or the heated fire apparatus cab during cold winter months. The theme is providing shelter from environmental extremes. 2. Rest and recovery — Members are afforded the ability to rest for at least 10 minutes or as long as needed to recover work capacity. 3. Cooling or rewarming — Members who feel hot should be able to remove their PPE, drink water and be provided with means to cool off. Members who are cold should be able to add clothing, wrap in blankets and be provided with means to warm themselves. 4. Re-hydration — Fluid replacement. Fluid volume requirements were eliminated from the standard with the exception of pre-hydration with 500 ml (16 oz) of fluids consumed two hours prior to scheduled events. On scene, potable fluids must be provided so members can satisfy thirst. Fluids should also be provided to encourage continued hydration after the incident. 5. Calorie and electrolyte replacement — When appropriate for longer duration events such as incidents exceeding three hours duration or situations where members are likely to work for more than one hour. Of note, whenever food is available, means for members to wash their hands and faces must also be provided. 6. Medical monitoring — Specifies a minimum of six conditions that EMS must assess in each member during rehab: a. Presence of chest pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, weakness, nausea or headache. b. General complaints such as cramps or aches and pains. c. Symptoms of heat or cold-related stress. d. Changes in gait, speech or behavior. e. Alertness and orientation to person, place and time. f. Any vital signs considered abnormal in local protocol. The specific vital signs and what defines normal is entirely up to local medical control and department medical authorities. Vital signs listed in the 1584 annex include temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure, pulse oximetry and carbon monoxide assessment using either an exhaled breath CO monitor or a pulse CO-oximeter (i.e. a pulse oximeter designed to measure carboxyhemoglobin). 7. EMS treatment in accordance with local protocol — Available on scene for members who require treatment or transport. Note that medical monitoring is documented in the fire department data collection system. When EMS treatment or transport is provided, a medical report must be generated and included in the member’s employee medical record. 8. Member accountability —The personnel accountability system must track members assigned to rehab by Incident Command as they enter and leave. 9. Release — Prior to leaving rehab, EMS must confirm that members are able to safely perform full duty. © Copyright 2009 - FireRescue1.com. All Rights Reserved. Excerpt 12/10/2007 Mike McEvoy Sponsored by Masimo
_______________________________________________________ Critical Incident Stress Management Assists Emergency Service personnel to construct a shared picture of….. ⇒ How the incident occurred ⇒ What each of them was thinking ⇒ What each of them was doing ⇒ How each individual is reacting and feeling ⇒ How the department is reacting It is designed to assist firefighters and the department to….. ⇒ Begin the recovery process ⇒ Learn from the experience ⇒ Honor its lost member(s) ⇒ Rebound from challenging
⇒ Collectively move forward 
Edward A. Mann State Fire Commissioner 724 357-0103 724 357-2992 fax wruth@state.pa.us
William P. Ruth 276 Stormer Road Indiana, Pa 15701 Preplanning Before the LODD Things to do before “it” happens: 1. Beneficiary cards completed 2. Training records up to date 3. Obtain telephone numbers County EMA __________________________________________________________________ County Coroner __________________________________________________________________ Police __________________________________________________________________ PEMA EOC 800 424-7362 OSFC 800 670-3473 CISM __________________________________________________________________ Worker Comp Carrier __________________________________________________________________ Insurance Carrier __________________________________________________________________ Municipal Contact __________________________________________________________________ Local Honor Guard __________________________________________________________________ Fire Associations __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Other
When you are made aware of a Line of Duty Death, there are many steps you must immediately take. You must make sure that the proper notifications have been made. Notify your County Emergency Management Agency and have them notify the Pennsylvania Emergency management Agency’s EOC. This will automatically notify the State Fire Commissioner and staff. Also, notify your County Coroner of the LODD and that the LODD autopsy protocol must be followed. Basic steps to take before the arrival of a staff member from the Office of the State Fire Commissioner: 1. Make notification of County EMA 2. Advise Coroner of LODD 3. Contact local CISM team 4. Support deceased family with any immediate needs. 5. Make sure of your fire fighters well being. 6. Lower flags to half-staff 7. Secure training records of deceased 8. Notify Municipality of death 9. Notify insurance carriers 10. Have the Officers on the call make a written statement as to what happened (only facts) Place a temporary memorial in front of Fire Station To honor the memory of the deceased, many FD’s place a temporary memorial consisting of a turnout coat and helmet secured to a chair in front of the station. A candle and flowers are appropriate at the base. This also gives mourning citizens of the community the opportunity to add to the memorial. Depending on availability, a photo of the deceased may be displayed. Appoint a Public Information Officer A PIO must be immediately appointed to control rumors and to release only the facts that the FD determines necessary. All sensitive information should be released with discretion (and family approval). The PIO should be the only spokes person for the FD. Information must be gathered as soon as possible to include: 1. Name of deceased 2. Dept. info (rank, date joined etc.) 3. Next of kin information A. Name
B. Relationship C. Address D. Telephone number 4. Gather insurance information A. Worker Comp B. FD life insurance policy C. Fire Assoc. insurance policies 5. Prepare a formal news release 6. Prepare for news media/briefings
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_______________________________________________________ What is Hazardous Materials?
INITIAL DISPATCH!
CLUES -
Bottom Line - If they – see it - smell it – feel it They should be instructed to leave area immediately!!!
RESPONSE ZONES
KEY QUESTIONS
TEAM 800 NOTIFICATION
SCENE OPERATIONS
RESPONSE TYPES
AIRPORT RESPONSE
HAZMAT Coordinator Summary Hazardous Materials incident activations propel into motion an enormous amount of specialized experience and assets formulated and supported by the County. The cost of this preparedness asserts minimum charges for each level of response as outlined by suggested response criteria. NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 472, Recommended Practice for Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents enumerates the criteria. This proposal uses this NFPA 472 extract to define a minimum billing per tier level of response. NFPA 472 Summary
Minimum Billing Response Level Schedule: Billing is based on the levels of HMRT 800 & WCDPS response. Any costs incurred by local municipalities and emergency services are the sole responsibility, to separately bill for costs, of and by the municipality in which the incident occurred. Westmoreland County Billing Resolution RESOLUTION #R-11-2007 WHEREAS, the “Hazardous Material Emergency Planning & Response Act” Act of 1990, P.L. 639, No. 165 Section 210, Recovery of response costs, mandates that Westmoreland County; may collect operational, administrative, and legal costs incurred from it’s initial response up to the time that it recovers it’s costs; and WHEREAS, in preparation to the mandate stated above, this County has prepared a procedure that follows a scope, objective, identifies documentation, adopts NFPA response level criteria, forwarding of billing, receiving of receipts and other agency billing to define appropriate action regarding the above stated Act; and WHEREAS, this County has provided for a Hazardous Materials Response Team 800, coordinated by the Department of Public Safety Hazardous Materials Coordinator, that prepares from reported incident documentation the billing allowable under this above stated Act; and NOW, THEREFORE, we, the undersigned Commissioners of Westmoreland County do hereby approve, adopt and place into immediate effect the Hazardous Materials Response Team 800-Department of Public Safety Billing Procedure. This procedure will be maintained and followed by the Westmoreland County Department of Public Safety Hazardous Materials Coordinator regarding the “Hazardous Material Emergency Planning & Response Act” Act of 1990, P.L. 639, No. 165, Section 210, Recovery of response costs. THIS RESOLUTION approved and adopted by the Commissioners of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, this 10th day of May, 2007. *Original copy on file Westmoreland County Department of Public Safety HAZMAT Coordinator’s Office. _______________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________ MASS FATALITIES INCIDENTS A mass fatalities incident can be defined as one in which there are more sets of remains than can be handled using local resources. For some jurisdictions, a mass fatalities incident may involve two sets of remains, whereas in others, a mass fatalities response may not be triggered until there are 50 or more sets of remains. All disasters and emergencies start and end at the local level. No matter what the size of the mass fatalities incident, there is a need for teamwork among responders. A firm understanding by all agencies involved regarding local, State and Federal roles and responsibilities is key in managing an incident of this type. A proven management system is necessary to ensure that remains are recovered, inventoried, identified, and released as efficiently as possible. The Federal government now requires the use of the Incident Command System (ICS) to manage all domestic incidents, including Mass Fatalities incidents. This requirement was put in place with the implementation of the National Response Framework and the National Incident Management System – NIMS. Using ICS can help organize the many tasks required of all personnel involved in a mass fatalities response. Virtually all mass fatalities incidents should be managed using Unified Command. In most cases, those working at the scene of mass fatalities incident will be under the authority of the Medical Examiner or County Coroner. (In the state of Pennsylvania, there are 67 coroners and two Medical Examiners.) Private sector and voluntary organizations may be involved as well. It may be necessary to request assistance from Disaster Mortuary Response Teams (DMORTs). There are three areas that incident operations encompass:
Each of these areas involves special and separate considerations during planning for a mass fatalities incident. In addition to the standard ICS facilities, mass fatalities incidents require two additional facilities – a morgue (and related facilities) and a Family Assistance Center (FAC). The morgue site should primarily focus on the health, safety, security and logistical needs of morgue personnel. A Family Assistance Support Operations, including a Family Assistance Center (FAC) is an important, but sensitive, operation to provide relatives of victims with information and access to support services. The morgue site should not be located near the Family Assistance Center. In the event of a mass fatalities incident, sufficient resources may not be available to State and local agencies to meet emergency requirements. Federal assistance may be required to identify and deploy resources from outside the affected area to ensure a timely, efficient, and effective response. Some of the Federal Resources include:
Other resources include:
Derived from FEMA Mass Casualty Incident Instructors Guide “Multi-Casualty and “Mass Casualty” traditionally are interchangeable terms. The terms reference an incident that meets locally defined thresholds in accordance with the jurisdiction emergency response plan. Large numbers of injured persons Large multi-agency response teams Inherently hazardous environments High stress environments Local disaster plans should identify the specific formula for each jurisdiction; knowing the local criteria is crucial to early recognition and declaration of an MCI. What is a Mass Casualty? FEMA Mass Casualty Incident Definition Mass casualty incidents are incidents resulting from man-made or natural causes resulting in illness or injuries that exceed or overwhelm the EMS and hospital capabilities of a locality, jurisdiction, or region. A mass casualty incident is likely to impose a sustained demand for health and medical services rather than the short, intense peak demand for these services typical of multiple casualty Incidents. What is a Multi-Casualty Incident? FEMA Multi-Casualty Incident Definition Multi-casualty incidents are incidents involving multiple victims that can be managed, with heightened response (including mutual aid if necessary), by a single EMS agency or system. Multi-casualty incidents typically do not overwhelm the hospital capabilities of a jurisdiction and/or region, but may exceed the capabilities for one or more hospitals within a locality. There is usually a short, intense peak demand for health and medical services, unlike the sustained demand for these services typical of mass casualty incidents. MCI Threshold Definition The point at which the number of patients at an MCI and the severity of their conditions are beyond the ability of available resources to provide adequate care. The day-to-day EMS response is designed to assure scene safety and to triage, treat and transport no more than a few patients. If day-to-day procedures were followed at the scene of a large number of casualties, several problems could occur with scene management, triage, treatment, and transport. A common threshold formula is…. # Ambulances within 15 minutes X 2 victims +1 would constitute an MCI declaration for that community Example: 6 ambulances X 2 victims = 12 victims 12 victims + 1 = 13 (MCI declaration) MCI Threshold = 13 victims If the numbers of victims exceeds the threshold, but few, if any, appear to be seriously injured, consideration should be given to not declaring an MCI. “Fire Department Chief officers should consider the following as a recommended guideline for declaring a MCI”… Three or more ambulances to any incident Three critical (red) victims and/or Ten victims Reference: North Central CT EMS Council January 2009
_______________________________________________________ WESTMORELAND COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY REGION 13 EQUIPMENT REQUEST PROCEDURES
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