Visit the National Academies Press online and register for

Educating the Student Body
Carlson, J. A., J. F. Sallis, J. F. Chriqui, L. Schneider, L. C. McDermid, and P. Agron. 2013. 
State policies about physical activity minutes in physical education or during school. 
Journal of School Health 83(3):150-156.
Carson, V., and I. Janssen. 2011. Volume, patterns, and types of sedentary behavior and 
cardio-metabolic health in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC 
Public Health 11.
Caspersen, C. J., K. E. Powell, and G. M. Christenson. 1985. Physical activity, exercise, 
and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public 
Health Reports 100(2):126.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1999. Ten great public health 
achievements—United States, 1900-1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 
48(12):241-243.
CDC. 2003. Physical activity levels among children aged 9-13 years—United States, 2002. 
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52:785-788.
CDC. 2012a. Nutrition, physical activity, & obesity data & statistics. http://www.cdc.gov/
healthyyouth/npao/data.htm (accessed January 13, 2013).
CDC. 2012b. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 2011. Morbidity and 
Mortality Weekly Report 61(4):1-162.
Chiriqui, J. F. 2012. It’s time to update your wellness policy: How does your policy 
compare to policies nationwide? Webinar presentation for Illinois Department of 
Public Health “We Choose Health” Initiative, Illinois Maternal and Child Health 
Coalition, December 18, 2012. Chicago, IL: Bridging the Gap, Health Policy Center, 
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago. http://www. 
bridgingthegapresearch.org/_asset/68byty/Chriqui_IDPH_2012_wellne (accessed April 
10, 2013).
Church, T. S., D. M. Thomas, C. Tudor-Locke, P. T. Katzmarzyk, C. P. Earnest, R. Q. 
Rodarte, C. K. Martin, S. N. Blair, and C. Bouchard. 2011. Trends over 5 decades 
in US occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity. PLOS 
ONE 6(5):e19657.
Cox, L., V. Berends, J. F. Sallis, J. M. St. John, B. McNeil, M. Gonzalez, and P. Agron. 
2011. Engaging school governance leaders to influence physical activity policies. 
Journal of Physical Activity & Health 8(Suppl 1):S40-S48.
Delva, J., P. M. O’Malley, and L. D. Johnston. 2006. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic 
status differences in overweight and health-related behaviors among American students: 
National trends 1986-2003. Journal of Adolescent Health 39(4):536-545.
Dollman, J., K. Norton, and L. Norton. 2005. Evidence for secular trends in children’s 
physical activity behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine 39(12):892-897.
Ekelund, U., J. Luan, L. B. Sherar, D. W. Esliger, P. Griew, and A. Cooper. 2012. 
Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk 
factors in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association 
307(7):704-712.
Epstein, D. 2011. Measuring inequity in school funding. Washington, DC: Center for 
American Progress.
Esliger, D. W., M. S. Tremblay, J. L. Copeland, J. D. Barnes, G. E. Huntington, and D. R. 
Bassett Jr. 2010. Physical activity profile of Old Order Amish, Mennonite, and con-
temporary children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 42(2):296-303.
Evenson, K. R., K. Ballard, G. Lee, and A. Ammerman. 2009. Implementation of a 
school-based state policy to increase physical activity. Journal of School Health 
79(5):231-238.

---

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School
Status and Trends of Physical Activity Behaviors and Related School Policies
 
91
Fairclough, S. J., A. Beighle, H. Erwin, and N. D. Ridgers. 2012. School day segmented 
physical activity patterns of high and low active children. BMC Public Health 
12(1):406.
Fakhouri, T. H., J. P. Hughes, D. J. Brody, B. K. Kit, and C. L. Ogden. 2013. Physical 
activity and screen-time viewing among elementary school-aged children in the 
United States from 2009 to 2010. Journal of the American Medical Association 
167(3):223-229.
Falb, M. D., D. Kanny, K. E. Powell, and A. J. Giarrusso. 2007. Estimating the propor-
tion of children who can walk to school. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 
33(4):269-275.
Gauthier, A. P., M. Laurence, L. Thirkill, and S. C. Dorman. 2012. Examining school-
based pedometer step counts among children in grades 3 to 6 using different time-
tables. Journal of School Health 82(7):311-317.
Gortmaker, S. L., R. Lee, A. L. Cradock, A. M. Sobol, D. T. Duncan, and Y. C. Wang. 
2012. Disparities in youth physical activity in the United States: 2003-2006. Medicine 
and Science in Sports and Exercise 44(5):888-893.
Grøntved, A., and F. B. Hu. 2011. Television viewing and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardio-
vascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American 
Medical Association 305(23):2448-2455.
Hairston, K. G., J. L. Ducharme, M. S. Treuth, W.-C. Hsueh, A. M. Jastreboff, K. A. Ryan, 
X. Shi, B. D. Mitchell, A. R. Shuldiner, and S. Snitker. 2012. Comparison of BMI 
and physical activity between Old Order Amish children and non-Amish children. 
Diabetes Care [epub ahead of print].
HealthyPeople.gov. 2012. Physical activity. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/ 
topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=33 (accessed February 25, 2013).
Healy, G. N., D. W. Dunstan, J. Salmon, E. Cerin, J. E. Shaw, P. Z. Zimmet, and N. Owen. 
2008a. Breaks in sedentary time beneficial associations with metabolic risk. Diabetes 
Care 31(4):661-666.
Healy, G. N., D. W. Dunstan, J. Salmon, J. E. Shaw, P. Z. Zimmet, and N. Owen. 2008b. 
Television time and continuous metabolic risk in physically active adults. Medicine 
and Science in Sports and Exercise 40(4):639.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1984. Promoting health/ 
preventing disease: Objectives for the nation. Washington, DC: HHS.
HHS. 1996. Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: 
HHS, CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
HHS. 2008. Physical activity guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: HHS.
Hu, F. B., T. Y. Li, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, and J. E. Manson. 2003. Television watch-
ing and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes 
mellitus in women. Journal of the American Medical Association 289(14):1785-1791.
IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2012. Accelerating progress in obesity prevention: Solving 
the weight of the nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Janz, K. F., T. L. Burns, and S. M. Levy. 2005. Tracking of activity and sedentary behaviors 
in childhood: The Iowa Bone Development Study. American Journal of Preventive 
Medicine 29(3):171-178.
Johnston, L. D., J. Delva, and P. M. O’Malley. 2007. Sports participation and physical 
education in American secondary schools. Current levels and racial/ethnic and socio-
economic disparities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33(4 Suppl):S195-S208.
Katzmarzyk, P. T., T. S. Church, C. L. Craig, and C. Bouchard. 2009. Sitting time and 
mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Medicine and Science in 
Sports and Exercise 41(5):998-1005.

---

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School
92