В пособии рассматриваются основные моменты английской грамматики: части речи имя существительное, имя прилагательное и наречие; видо-временные формы глагола; модальные глаголы; неличные формы глагола

E. Affirmative obligation in the past: had to
Here the distinction between the speaker’s authority and external authority cannot be expressed and there is only one form, had to:
I ran out of money and had to borrow from Tom.
You had to pay duty on that, I suppose?

14. NEED NOT and MUST NOT in the Present and Future

Must not and need not are completely different. ‘You must not do
something’ means that it is necessary that you do not do something: The
baby is asleep. You mustn’t shout. (=It is necessary that you do not shout.)
‘You needn’t do something’ means that it is not necessary to do something:
You’ve got a lot of time. You needn’t hurry. (=It is not necessary to hurry.)


A. need: forms
1. need can be both an auxiliary and an ordinary verb. As an auxiliary it is a
semi-modal, i.e. it has both modal and ‘ordinary verb’ forms. As a modal,
its forms are need or need not for all persons in the present and future and
indirect speech. Interrogative: need I?
need conjugated as above takes the bare infinitive.
2. need as auxiliary is seldom used in the affirmative except when a negative
or interrogative sentence is preceded by an expression which changes the
negative or interrogative into an affirmative and in sentences which ex
press doubt:
I needn’t wear a coat or I don’t suppose I need wear a coat.
I wonder if we need take sleeping-bags.
The only thing you need do is fill in this form. (=You don’t need to
do anything else.)
3. needn’t in indirect speech can be reported unchanged:
‘You needn’t pay till tomorrow’
= He says/said I needn’t pay till the following day.
4. need can also be conjugated as an ordinary verb with negative forms as
shown bellow. Corresponding have to forms are also shown.