Uzbekistan state world languages university

4. Types of language comparison

The comparison may be of two types: substantialand non-substantial.

1. 
   Indcr substantial comparison, linguists mean comparison of some concrete Illinois or objects, e.g. sounds, digits, numbers, etc. Under non-substantial »amparison, linguists mean comparison of systems and their elements.
   

At the early stages of development of typology as a science, the major role is !>Н1||»ч1 to thesubstantial comparison, which is considered primary. Yuri Mii)«liMistvcnskiy* wrote "...in General Linguistics the relations between language MV'iIrms based on substantial features. The languages were considered cognate In i iiiise the linguists found principal similarity in their substance: sound and Hiiilnit".Non-substantial comparison played a significant role in shaping I ’nmpnrative Typology as an independent science.
There are two approaches to language description: internalandexternal.
Internal approach deals with the comparison of the systems of any concrete I'liil'iuige. It is inner comparison within one concrete language. External approach

• 
  It til'i with thecross-language comparison.
  

Comparative Typology may compare language systems panchronically lliiiiigli they are living or dead; besides, it may compare language systems iyinlironicallyand diachronically.
The diachronic approaches a stative study of a certain period. The synt'lironic approach is a dynamic one.
Questions for self-control:

1. 
   What does the term ‘typology’ mean?
   

Do we use this term in everyday life?


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3. 
   What is the role of Typology in Linguistics?
   
4. 
   What tasks does this subject have?
   
5. 
   What is the necessity of learning typology?
   
6. 
   What is the difference between Linguistic and Non-Linguistic typology?
   
7. 
   Name the periods of Comparative typology development.
   
8. 
   Name the factors of Comparative typology development.
   
9. 
   What directions of comparative typological investigations are known to us?
   
10. 
    How did Dr. Buranov classify Comparative Typology?
    

1 l.What does linguistic typology study?
12.What can you say about different viewpoints to the Comparative typology?
13.Speak about differences between linguistic and non-linguistic typologies.

14. 
    What methods of investigation do you know?
    
15. 
    How do you understand panchronic approach to thecomparison of language systems?
    
16. 
    Characterize substantial and non-substantial types of comparison. Which is used in modern linguistics?
    
17. 
    What can you say about the internal and external approaches to comparison?
    
18. 
    Give the division of Comparative typology with respect to different criteria.
    

RecommendedLiteratures:

1. 
   Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского | языков. Ленинград, 1979.
   
2. 
   Буранов Ж. Инглиз ва ўзбек тиллари қиёсий грамматикаси. Тошкент,
   

1973. ¹

3. 
   David Crystal. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
   
4. 
   Robbins Burling, Patterns of Language. Structure, Variation, Change. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992.
   
5. 
   William Croft. Typology and Universals. Cambridge UNI Press, 2003.
   
6. 
   Comparative-Historical Linguistics. (n.d.) The Great Soviet' Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. (1970-1979). Retrieved August 1, 2016, from
   

http://encyclopcdia2.thdrecdictionary.com/Comparative-Historical+Linguistics