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Recommended Literature
Воробьев В.В. Лингвокультурология. –М.: РУДН, 2008.
Колшанский Г.В. Объективная картина мира в познании и языке. М. 1990
Маслова В.А. Лингвокультурология. – М.: Изд.центр академия, 2007
Телия В. Н. Русская фразеология. Семантический, прагматический и лингвокультурологический аспекты. М., 1996.
Chapter IV. Linguocultureme as a basic unit of Linguoculturology
4.1. The notion of linguocultureme and its types
Linguoculturology as an independent science has elaborated its own terminology, notions and methods of analysis. The main notions of Linguoculturology are: linguocultural units (linguocultureme), cultural concepts, cultural values, cultural universals, conceptual, linguistic and national world pictures.
Linguocultureme is a basic unit which conveys cultural information. For example such lexemes as Christmas, pub, lord, lady, Thames, turkey, gentleman contain information about English culture, its holidays, traditions, concepts, etc. There are many researches and different approaches to this notion. Suffice it to mention the works by V.V. Vorobyov, V.A. Maslova, S.G. Vorkachev, Yu.S. Stepanov, V. I. Karasik and others. However, all these authors are unanimous in regarding linguocultureme as the basic linguistic unit including both aspects – the cultural content and the form of its linguistic expression.
Unlike a word, a linguocultureme includes not only linguistic meaning, but also the cultural (non-linguistic) sense. For example, the word pub stands for “a public house” (linguistic meaning). But it is of great cultural significance for the English people. In Great Britain pubs serve as places where people gather to relax; some of them spend evenings after a hard working day in a good company in order to discuss business affairs or political issues in a more comfortable atmosphere.
There distinguished many approaches to the classification of linguoculturemes ranging from the classification of the sources of linguoculturemes to their structural and semantic properties.
The survey of the linguistic literature and our own observations enable us to determine the main sources of linguoculturemes. They are as follows: phenomena and realias of everyday life, images and comparisons, myths, speech etiquette, traditions and customs, religion, literature, superstitions and legends, historical facts, events and personalities.
Phenomena and realia of everyday life are presented by words- realia or non-equivalent linguistic units. Images can be represented by a number of stylistic devices and comparisons: metaphors, similes, euphemisms, antonomasia, symbols, etc. Myths are represented in the language by mythologemes. Speech etiquette is another source providing formulas of speech etiquette in various situations, such as greeting, agreement/ disagreement, compliments and others reflecting cultural phenomenon. Phraseological units, symbols, aphorisms, quotations also reflect traditions and customs, religion, literature, history and other sources. The main sources of linguoculturemes are as follows:
Phenomena and realias of everyday life;
Images and comparisons;
Myths;
Speech etiquette;
Traditions and customs;
Religion;
Literature;
Superstitions and legends;
Historical facts, events and personalities
From the structural point of view linguoculturemes can be expressed by a word, a word combination, a paragraph, a whole text. For instance, linguoculturemes expressed by a word are gentleman, privacy, home, lady, lord due to its cultural connotations (cf. choykhona in Uzbek, пельменная in Russian). Linguoculturemes can be expressed by word combinations. For instance, such word combinations as: a small talk, husband’s tea, an iron bit, five o’clock tea, English breakfast, oatmeal porridge being culturally marked are regarded as linguoculturemes (cf. beshik to’y, challari in the Uzbek, русская душа, русское масло – топленое масло in the Russian).
Linguocultureme can also be expressed by a paragraph. The following passage is illustrative in this respect:
Say the Word! He checked his shout too late. Two whitemen burning leaves turned their head in his direction. Bending low he whispered into her ear, "The Word. The Word." - "That's one other thing took away from me," she said, and that was when he exhorted her, pleaded with her not to quit, no matter what. The Word had been given to her and she had to speak it. Had to (Morison, Beloved).
This paragraph presents the situation describing the importance of the religious Word; the whole paragraph is devoted to the notion of the Word in its religious meaning. According to Collin’s English Dictionary “The Word” means: Scripture, the Bible, or the gospels as embodying or representing divine revelation often called the Word of God.
Finally, linguoculturemes can be represented by the whole text, both micro-and macrotexts.
To microtexts we refer proverbs, quotations, epigrams. Here are some examples: an Englishman’s home is his castle; to be penny wise and pound foolish; the proof of the pudding in its eating.
Macrotexts are usually expressed by long spans of the text (stories, novels, poems, etc.). The stories “A Christmas Carol” by Ch. Dickens, “The Lion’s Skin” by S. Maugham, “England, my England” by D.G. Lawrence, many extracts from “The Forsyte Saga” by G. Galsworthy can serve as illustration. Let us analyze the poem by F. Heman:
The stately Homes of England,
How beautiful they stand!
Amidst their tall ancestral trees,
O'er all the pleasant land.
The deer across their greensward bound
Thro' shade and sunny gleam,
And the swan glides past them with the sound
Of some rejoicing stream.
The merry Homes of England!
Around their hearths by night,
What gladsome looks of household love
Meet in the ruddy light!
There woman's voice flows forth in song,
Or childhood's tale is told,
Or lips move tunefully along
Some glorious page of old.
The blessed Homes of England!
How softly on their bowers
Is laid the holy quietness
That breathes from Sabbath-hours!
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