Uzbekistan state world languages university course paper theme: types of communication

Specific traits:

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                    frequent change of subjects ;
  
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                    the dominance of one side due to its greater activity and submission to the other ;
  
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                    change of communicative attitude, the ability to return to the previous topic ;
  
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                    optional final stage, as the conversation may be interrupted by random circumstances.
  

When formal situations arise, as a rule, only generally accepted norms of communication are used (for example, you cannot approach a stranger and slap him on the shoulder in greeting) and a certain sequence of statements.

The inevitability and inevitability of interpersonal communication are explained by the very conditions of human being - a person, as a social phenomenon, could not exist without communication, which is his most important need.

Direct feedback is an indispensable condition for the implementation of interpersonal communication.

Interpersonal relations - a determining factor in the phased process of interpersonal communication. These relations are formed in the process of business and creative contacts - official and unofficial, as a result of the ability of people to emotionally perceive each other. It should be emphasized that along with psychological and social factors, the emotional factor plays a large role in interpersonal relationships. In turn, the nature of interpersonal relationships is influenced by the conditions in which communication takes place - the interaction between strangers (in an airplane, the auditorium, etc.), functional-role communication, personal and intimate communication.³

Multichannelism is a specific feature of the actualization of interpersonal communication. It is in interpersonal communication that it is possible to simultaneously use several channels of information transmission and perception - you can not only hear and see the interlocutor, but also touch him, catch a smell that can provide additional information about the partner, evaluate the distance between yourself and the partner as an indicator of interpersonal relationships .

Attempts to simulate the process of interpersonal communication have been made more than once on the basis of different approaches to understanding its essence and functions. The complexity of modeling is also explained by the fact that interpersonal communication is actualized in various forms. This can be a conversation - direct communication (face-to-face or in the presence of other persons) or indirect (via computer or telephone).

Interpersonal communication may take the form of interviews, debates, public or judicial hearings. These are the so-called structured forms, each of which has its own characteristics, due to specific functions and communicative situation.

In structural models, the following are usually distinguished as mandatory components: who transmits information (sender), what is transmitted (information content), to whom information is transmitted (recipient), how is information (channel) transmitted, feedback (direct or indirect). In descriptive models , two more components are distinguished - the effectiveness of communication and its situational conditioning (environment, number of participants, temporal and spatial characteristics, etc.). The first component is not always amenable to objective determination, since the effectiveness for each communicator can have its own assessment.

Interpersonal communication performs another specific function called “ conversion ” - changing the individual’s opinion and his social attitudes.

This function has been identified experimentally. Advertisers in economics and politics have found that sometimes sociological forecasts that are disseminated through the media do not come true. It turned out that some individuals prefer to " check " their perception of information at the interpersonal level of communication and, as a result, radically change their opinion and attitude to the advertised product or political " image " .

The social significance of some of the private functions of interpersonal communication is largely determined by sociological dominants - the main categories of social communication. For example, the categories of social status and communicative roles are updated in the function of social orientation - anticipating the partner's socio-speech behavior, which is extremely important for the correct interpretation of semantic and evaluative information. The category of valuation information is updated in the particular functions of motivation, belief by varying the functional-stylistic means of communication. In real communication, sociological dominants interact with each other, but this interaction is not stable, it can modify beliefs by varying the functional-stylistic means of communication. In real communication, sociological dominants interact with each other, but this interaction is not stable, it can be modified.

Group communication is carried out when people enter into communication in small groups (the number of their members can be from 3 to 20-30 people). In group communication, all the laws inherent in interpersonal communication continue to operate, however, phenomena specific to this type of communication also appear, which include: leadership and leadership in the group, i.e. the process of interpersonal influence, stimulating the group, targeting it to perform certain tasks; group decision making process, i.e. discussion of significant problems for the group, in the process of which the position of its members is clarified, the problem is assessed, and a common group solution is sought and developed communication structure in a group, i.e. the set of positions of group members regarding the receipt and storage of information relevant to the group.

The level of group communication is often divided into at least two categories - personality-group and intergroup communication . A lecturer in the audience of students, a politician on the podium, a pianist in the concert hall, an official giving a press conference are all examples of personal-group communication. In this case, one person (lecturer, politician, pianist, official) broadcasts the meanings in one form or another to a certain group of people (students, participants in the rally, the public in the concert hall, journalists at a press conference, etc.). Here, the possibilities of dialogue are not so great as in interpersonal communication, and a kind of asymmetry of the communication process is observed: the primary opportunity to transmit information is given to one person who enters into communication with the group. Members of the group have very limited opportunities to transmit their own information to this person (for example, a journalist at a press conference rarely has the opportunity to ask more than two or three questions).

Intergroup communication suggests that one group of people translates meanings to another group of people. Theater troupe or orchestra on the stage, a few members of the political party at the rally, a group of senior managers at the general meeting of shareholders - are examples of inter-group communication. There is also an asymmetric communication. A speaker group in an active communication position (theater troupe, orchestra, representatives of a political party, top managers) has priority in transmitting information to groups of listeners in a passive communication position (audience in a theater or concert hall, crowd at a rally, shareholders at the meeting).

At the level of group communication, another new quality arises - the concept of “ audience ” , which is understood precisely as a group that occupies a relatively passive position in the communication process. This conditional, relative passivity is fundamental, reflecting the role relationships between the participants in the communication process. The number of people included in group-level communication is no longer measured by two, three, or four, but by a rather large number of people - from units to hundreds, or even thousands of cells. Strictly speaking, there is no clear theoretically substantiated quantitative criterion that would separate the group level of communication, on the one hand, from interpersonal, and on the other hand, from mass communication. However, in practice, the media try to determine at least conditionally the boundaries from which communication ceases to be interpersonal and group and begins to be mass. So, in Russian law, these boundaries are set for periodicals - the circulation of such a publication must be at least 1000 copies. If the publication comes out in a smaller circulation, then this situation is regarded as a group, not mass communication at all.

Mass communication is the process of disseminating information and influence in society through special means: print, television, radio, cinema, etc., as a result of which the message goes directly to large groups of people. This form of communication is carried out by special organizations (publishing houses, agencies, editorial offices, studios) forming the social institute of mass communication .

The peculiarity of the processes of mass communication is in the combination of a centralized, institutionally organized production of information with its dispersed mass consumption. As a result of this, mass communication has become one of the most effective ways of social control over mass behavior. The historical prerequisites for the emergence and development of mass communication are associated with the development of capitalism: mass production and marketing of goods required the formation of standardized requests of the mass consumer through advertising; the expansion of the labor market has led to an increase in the mobility of the working masses and, at the same time, to an expansion of the range of their information needs; the need for a more skilled workforce has contributed to universal literacy; the political form of capitalist society presupposed the spread of the political influence of the institutions of power on wide layers of the population not only by methods of direct subordination, but also by "processing minds" the increase in labor productivity created the prerequisites for reducing the working week and at the same time gave rise to new needs associated with spending free time .

In sociological concepts of technological determinism, it is argued that mass communication is the fruit of improving only the technical means of processing and disseminating information that allow for almost simultaneous access to social services. significant messages to a large number of people, regardless of place of residence and social status. Thus, the main task of mass communication in modern society is the democratization of societies, life, the emergence of a "global connection" between people.

The level of mass communication assumes that the audience is no longer tens and hundreds, but thousands of cells or even millions of participants. For the implementation of such communication is no longer enough natural human data. No matter how loud a person’s voice is, he will not be able to speak directly to a millionth audience. Therefore, at the level of mass communication, another fundamental quality arises, or, if you like, a condition - the availability of special technical devices that allow you to strengthen the communication process with. Mass communication is impossible without technical means of communication, which are called " mass media " and are designated by the acronym QMS.

At this level, the asymmetry that we observed for the level of group communication intensifies, and the concept of “ audience ” comes to the fore. Mass communication is a semantic interaction with large audiences.

There is one more nuance in mass communication. If the audience of group communication is concentrated in a relatively small space (even if it is a stadium), then the audience in mass communication is usually dispersed in a much larger territory.

Sometimes, as at the group level, personal-mass and mass-group communication are distinguished. However, this is more a theoretical construct than a real practice, since any means of mass communication involves group action. And even if only one person is visible on the TV screen, this does not mean that he alone carries out the process of mass communication - he is served by a film crew, or even an entire edition, which remains behind the scenes. In reality, mass communication is always the interaction of a group and a mass, and not of one person and a mass of people.

So, according to the number of people involved, communication is divided into at least three types - interpersonal, group and mass. At the level of group and mass communication, there is a fundamental asymmetry in the positions of its participants - there are participants who are given the opportunity to actively transmit information, and there are participants who are in a passive role. Thus, at these two levels, the communication process is primarily unidirectional. At the level of mass communication, two distinctive qualities arise - the need to use special technical means called mass communication media (QMS). Mass communication, in fact, is a mass-group communication, when a group addresses the mass of people. In Russia, there is a legislative norm, according to which mass communication in the case of print media begins with a circulation of 1000 copies.

Thus, each type of communication differs from each other in ways of interacting with society. Interpersonal communication is directed to the contact " face to face " . Group communication is carried out in small groups, and mass communication using special means : print, television, radio.