Uzbekistan state world languages university course paper theme: types of communication

2.2 Non-verbal communications

 

Non-verbal communication - involves the transfer of information through the movements of the human body.

Non-verbal communication is a special language, the “ language of feelings " , a product of human social development, which significantly enhances the effect of verbal communication. The effectiveness of, for example, business communication is determined not only by how the words of the interlocutor are understood, but also by the ability to correctly interpret visual information. The mistake is exceptional attention to verbal communication. Non-verbal information conveys the interlocutor’s thoughts well. For example, in the course of any negotiations, you can use the camera to record the interlocutor’s reaction (his face expression, gestures, poses, etc.) and then, through analysis, determine how much the interlocutor is ready to make concessions or if he does not accept the position proposed to him and only well plays a howl role. We must remember that the gestures, facial expressions, posture, intonation and other forms of communication can be more rasskazat s nothing less than words .

Non-verbal communication covers not only non-verbal characteristics (tone , timbre, pace of speech), but also the characteristics of movement, manner, style of clothing, including the type of hairstyle, appearance, and suit. It is the “ reading ” of the non-verbal, expressive repertoire of the interlocutor that contributes to mutual understanding. Obtaining such information during any business conversation can equip with information about the moral and personal potential of the partner, about his inner world, mood, feelings, intentions and expectations, the degree of determination or lack thereof. The inner world of a person and the language of his body and gestures are interconnected. The reflex nature of most human reactions does not allow him to fully control his own gestures, posture and facial expressions. People rarely think about their movements during a conversation, so in a situation where their thoughts and words do not coincide, they can give out the basics and gestures .

With the help of facial expressions, poses and gestures, the person’s emotional energy is expressed: movements, symptoms (for example, pale or reddened skin, etc.) give out hidden thoughts or emotions. Noting the insincerity of the interlocutor, we often talk about the " sixth sense . " In fact, we can recognize the interlocutor by the attention, often unconscious, to small small signals, the ability to read them and note the discrepancy with the words,

Non-verbal communication includes the following main blocks :

1) optical-kinetic ;

2) n ara- and extralinguistic ;

3) the organization of space and time of the communicative process ;

4) eye contact .

Kinesicheskih means - it means entering into the optical-kinesicheskih system of signs and visual contact. These are visually perceived movements of another person, performing an expressively regulatory function in communication. Kinesics include expressive movements, manifested in facial expressions, posture, gesture, look, gait. Kinesika as a science is engaged in the study of body language. Initially, research in this area was carried out by C. Darwin, who studied the manifestation of emotions in humans and animals. It is the general motility of various parts of the body that reflects the emotional reactions of a person .

A special role in the transmission of information is given to facial expressions - expressive movements of the muscles of the face. The main characteristics of facial expressions are its integrity and dynamism. This means that in the mimic expression of the six basic emotional states (anger, joy, fear, suffering, surprise, and contempt), all movements of the facial muscles are coordinated .

About the main informative load are the eyebrows and the area of ​​the mouth. The face of the communication partner always attracts our attention . Facial expression allows you to receive feedback on whether there is contact with a partner . Signals of mimic expressiveness can be lethargic, pale, vibrant, rich, unexpressed, tense, calm, etc. However, some people are also characterized by amimia, i.e., the lack of expressiveness of facial muscles. Facial expression is a reflection of emotions that are " heard better than speech . " That is why people have always sought to master physiognomy - the art of reading the face, a science that has developed in ancient times .

The gaze, or visual contact, which is an extremely important part of communication (visual - visual), directly perceived by vision (with a simple or armed eye) is closely connected with facial expressions . Visual contact has or is not conducive to communication. We can say that if they look at us a little, then we have every reason to believe that we are treated poorly, or if we are looked at too much, then this can be interpreted as a challenge or a good, friendly, interested attitude towards us. With the help of the eyes, the most accurate signals about the state of a person are transmitted, since the expansion or narrowing of the pupils does not lend itself to conscious control. At all times, people were interested in the eyes, their influence on human behavior. From the pupils, one can judge the person’s attitude to the partner and to the problem under discussion. With excitement, the pupils increase four times, and if a person is angry, then the pupils contract .

When communicating, it should be remembered that the frequency, duration and accuracy of looking into the eyes of the communication partner is determined not only by the nature of the interaction and subject of communication, but also by the degree of self-esteem - understated, adequate, overstated, as well as individual characteristics of a person. There is an assumption that eye contact during a meeting is necessary to establish a trusting relationship, but a delay in looking at the interlocutor's eyes indicates a desire for dominance. Therefore, it is not recommended to look into the interlocutor’s eyes for a long time and inseparably, otherwise his reaction can be quite aggressive. However, a short delay in looking at the critical moments of the conversation or at the end of the meeting is quite acceptable; it expresses confidence in the partner .

A person can hide anything in words, but to hide it in his gaze, either enormous willpower or special training is required .

Although the person is generally considered to be the main source of information about the psychological state of a person, it is in many situations much less informative than his body, since facial expressions are consciously controlled many times better than body movements. In communication, it is important to know what information can be obtained if you shift the focus of observation from a person’s face to his body and movements, since gestures, postures, and expressive behavior style contain a lot of information. Information is carried by such movements of the human body as a pose, gesture, gait .

Pose - the position of the human body, typical for a given culture, an elementary unit of spatial human behavior. Due to the cultural tradition of each nation, some poses are forbidden, while others are fixed. The pose clearly shows how this person perceives his status in relation to the status of other persons present. Persons with a higher status take more relaxed poses than their subordinates. Sometimes the interlocutors are on an equal footing, but one of them seeks to show their superiority .

It is proved that " closed " poses are perceived as poses of distrust, disagreement, opposition, criticism.

“ Open ” poses (standing: arms open with palms up; sitting: arms spread out, legs extended) are perceived as poses of trust, consent, goodwill, psychological comfort .

There are clearly readable meditation poses (the pose of the Rodin thinker), critical assessment poses (hand under the chin, index finger extended to the temple). It is known that if a person is interested in communication, he will be guided by the interlocutor and lean in his direction and lean back. A person who wants to declare himself, “ put himself ” , will stand upright, in a tense state, with his shoulders unfolded, sometimes with his hands on his hips; a person who does not need to emphasize his status and position will be relaxed, calm, and be in a free, relaxed pose .

N In spite of the fact that the specific meaning of certain gestures are different in different cultures, all cultures have similar gestures, including vyde can pour :

1. Communicative (gestures of greeting, farewell, attracting attention, prohibitions, satisfactory, negative, etc.), for example, a handshake is a traditional and ancient form of greeting. In the business world, a handshake is used not only for greeting, but also as a symbol of concluding an agreement, a sign of trust and respect for a partner.

2. Modal, that is, expressing appreciation and attitude (gestures of approval, dissatisfaction, etc.), if a person raises his shoulders and lowers his head, then he is offended and insulted; puts his hands behind his back, covering his wrists - he feels superiority; the legs of the seated are directed toward the exit - the desire to leave .

3. Descriptive gestures that make sense only in the context of a speech utterance. For example, indicating the direction by hand .

4. As easily as a pose, the meaning of gestures, those various movements of hands and head, the meaning of which is clear to those communicating, can be understood. Every gesture of a person is like a word in a language. Understanding the consistency of gestures allows you to more accurately see the position of the person with whom we communicate .

Quite a lot is known about the information that gesticulation carries. First of all, the number of gestures is important. No matter how different cultures differ, everywhere along with an increase in a person’s emotional arousal, his excitement, the intensity of gestures increases, as well as with a desire to achieve a more complete understanding between partners, especially if it is difficult.

In the process of communication, one should not forget about congruency, i.e., about the coincidence of gestures and speech utterances. The speech utterances and gestures that accompany them must coincide. The contradiction between gestures and the meaning of statements is a signal of lies .

In addition to the correspondence between words and gestures, it is necessary to take into account the situation, state of health, professional habits, especially clothing , etc.

And finally, a person’s gait (i.e., the style of movement), by which it is quite easy to recognize his emotional state. Thus, in psychologists' studies, subjects with great accuracy recognized gait emotions such as anger, suffering, pride, happiness. And it turned out that the hardest walk with anger, the easiest - with joy; sluggish, depressed gait - with suffering, the greatest stride length - with pride.

Thus, the main role in non-verbal communication plays facial expressions, gestures and postures of a person. By their structure, one can determine a person’s predisposition to communication, as well as his personal attitude as a whole.