Colour and light
Level 1
aквaмaр
´
иновый
aquamarine
бaгр
´
овый
crimson, purple
б
´
eлый
white
голуб
´
ой
light blue
ж
¨e
лтый
yellow
зeл
¨e
ный
green
кр
´
aсный
red
с
´
eрый
grey
сир
´
eнeвый
lilac
фиол
´
eтовый
violet
ч
¨e
рный кaк см
´
оль
jet black, pitch black
Colours based on plant names:
сир
´
eнeвый
derives from
сир
´
eнь
‘lilac’
(a number of other newer colours also derive from plant names:
кор
´
ичнeвый
‘brown’ from
кор
´
ицa
‘cinnamon’, cf. also
ор
´
aнжeвый
‘orange’,
р
´
озовый
‘pink’,
фиол
´
eтовый
– ultimately from French
violette
‘violet’ – cf.
фи
´
aлкa
‘violet’).
Other meanings of adjectives denoting primary colours:
(a)
голуб
´
ой
also
means ‘gay’ (cf.
р
´
озовaя
‘pink, Lesbian’) (b)
зeл
¨e
ный
has environ-
mental connotations:
охр
´
aнa зeл
¨e
ного др
´
угa
‘protection of trees and
plants’ (c)
кр
´
aсный
used to mean ‘beautiful’, subsequently ‘red’ per-
haps because of its perception as the ‘best’ colour (note
кр
´
aснaя д
´
eвицa
‘fair damsel’). Like
ж
¨e
лтый
, it is also used by referees:
покaз
´
aть
ж
¨e
лтую
/
кр
´
aсную к
´
aрточку
‘to show the yellow/red card’ (d) note
с
´
eрaя з
´
онa
‘grey area’.
Level 2
бр
´
оский
bright, loud, garish
кaшт
´
aновый
chestnut
мaл
´
иновый
crimson
отт
´
eнок
(gen.
отт
´
eнкa
)
shade
р
´
ыжий
ginger
см
´
углый
swarthy
Words within words and cognates:
(a)
кaшт
´
aн
‘chestnut tree’ (b)
мaл
´
инa
‘raspberries’ (c)
отт
´
eнок
cf.
т
´
eнь
‘shade, shadow’, cognate with Latin
tenebrae
.
Perception
239
Level 3
дaльт
´
оник
(
чeлов
´
eк
,
стрaд
´
aющий дaльто
-
н
´
измом
)
colour-blind person
кор
´
aлловый
coral
пeрeл
´
ивчaтый
iridescent
п
¨e
стрый
variegated, multi-coloured
пятн
´
истый
dappled, spotted
янт
´
aрный
(from
янт
´
aрь
m.
gen.
янтaр
´
я
)
amber
Note:
(1)
дaльт
´
оник
after John Dalton, who described colour blindness
(especially the inability to distinguish green from red) in 1794 (2)
янт
´
aрный
from
янт
´
aрь
itself probably from Lithuanian
gintaras
id.
Materials and textures
Level 1
Cloth
в
´
aтa
cotton wool
кружeв
´
a (gen.
кр
´
ужeв
),
кру
-
жeвн
´
ой
lace
л
¨e
н
,
льнян
´
ой
linen
л
´
eнтa
ribbon
мaт
´
eрия
material, cloth
тк
´
aнь
(f.)
fabric, cloth
трикот
´
aж
, -
ный
knitwear
флaн
´
eль
(f.),
флaн
´
eлeвый
flannel
хл
´
опок
(gen.
хл
´
опкa
),
хл
´
оп
-
ковый
cotton
ш
¨e
лк
, -
овый
silk
ш
´
eрсть
(f.),
шeрстян
´
ой
wool
Origins of words:
(1)
в
´
aтa
is from German
Watte
id., itself from French
ouate
id., probably ultimately from Arabic, cf. also English ‘wad ’ (2)
кружeв
´
a
is p
о
ssibly from
круж
´
ить
‘to circle, spin round’ (3)
л
¨e
н
is
cognate with English ‘linen’ (4)
трикот
´
aж
is from French
tricotage
‘knitting’ (5)
ш
¨e
лк
is from Latin
Sericus
‘silken, Chinese’ (silk was
first obtained from China), cf. Greek
Seres
‘China, the Chinese’.
Building materials
aсф
´
aльт
, -
овый
asphalt
бeт
´
он
, -
ный
concrete
бeтон
´
ировaть
(
бeтон
´
ирую
бeтон
´
ируeшь
) impf./pf.
to concrete
240
Unit 7
гл
´
инa
,
гл
´
иняный
clay
грaн
´
ит
, -
ный
granite
д
¨e
готь
(gen.
д
¨e
гтя
) (m.)
tar
кирп
´
ич
(gen.
кирпич
´
a
), -
ный
brick
мр
´
aмор
, -
ный
marble
Origins of words:
(1)
aсф
´
aльт
is from French
asphalte
id. (2)
бeт
´
он
is from
French
beton
id. (3)
д
¨e
готь
is probably of Baltic origin, cf. Lithuanian
degutas
id. (
degti
‘to burn’) (4)
кирп
´
ич
is from Persian (5)
мр
´
aмор
is
ultimately, via Latin, from Greek
marmaros
‘sparkling’, with
aр
/
рa
metathesis (transposition of letters).
Metals
бр
´
онзa
,
бр
´
онзовый
bronze
жeл
´
eзо
,
жeл
´
eзный
iron
м
´
eдь
(f.),
м
´
eдный
copper
ст
´
aль
(f.), -
ной
steel
Origins of words:
ст
´
aль
is from German
Stahl
id. via Polish
stal
id. (or
from Low German, since early references were to steel produced in
Hamburg).
Various
бeч
¨e
вкa
string
бум
´
aгa
,
бум
´
aжный
paper
вeр
¨e
вкa
rope
кaрт
´
он
, -
ный
cardboard
к
´
ожa
,
к
´
ожaный
leather
пeрг
´
aмeнт
parchment
плaстил
´
ин
plasticine
плaстм
´
aсс
a,
плaстм
´
aссовый
plastic
рeз
´
инa
,
рeз
´
ин
o
вый
rubber
сол
´
омa
,
сол
´
омeнный
straw
стeкл
´
о
,
стeкл
´
янный
glass
Origins of words:
(1)
бум
´
aгa
is probably from Italian
bombagia/bombagina
‘cotton’ (2)
кaрт
´
он
is from German
Karton
id., itself from Italian
cartone
id. (
carta
‘paper’) (3)
к
´
ожa
is from
коз
´
a
‘goat’ + adj. suffix,
subsequently of any skin (4)
рeз
´
инa
is from French
r´esine
‘resin’ via
Itaian
resina
id. (5)
стeкл
´
о
is seemingly from a Germanic root meaning
‘sharp’.
Level 2
Cloth
aтл
´
aс
, -
ный
satin
в
´
ойлок
,
в
´
ойлочный
felt
Perception
241
г
´
aз
gauze
кр
´
eп
, -
овый
crˆepe
кримпл
´
eн
, -
овый
crimplene
мусл
´
ин
, -
овый
muslin
попл
´
ин
, -
овый
poplin
синтeт
´
ичeский
man-made
т
´
юль
(m.),
т
´
юлeвый
tulle
ф
´
eтр
, -
овый
felt
шиф
´
он
chiffon
Origins of words:
(1)
aтл
´
aс
derives from an Arabic word for ‘smooth’, via
German, Polish or Turkic (2)
в
´
ойлок
is seemingly from a Turkic word
meaning ‘cover’ (3)
г
´
aз
is from French
gaze
id., perhaps deriving from
Gaza on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, where the fabric is
thought to have originated, or from an Arabic word (4)
ф
´
eтр
is from
French
feutre
id. (5) the origin of
тюль
is French
tulle
, after its place
of production, Tulle (capital of Corr`eze Dept. in France) (for other
fabrics named after places, cf.
джeрс
´
и
‘jersey’,
бост
´
он
‘Boston’ (a kind
of wool cloth),
кaшeм
´
ир
‘cashmere’.
Homographs and homonyms:
Aтл
´
aс
‘satin’ and ´
aтлaс
‘atlas’ are homo-
graphs (words with different meanings that are spelt the same).
Г
´
aз
‘gauze’ and
г
´
aз
‘gas’ are homonyms (
a
homonym is a word identical
in form with another but from a different root).
Wood
бaмб
´
ук
, -
овый
bamboo
кр
´
aсноe д
´
eрeво
mahogany
пр
´
обкa
,
пр
´
обковый
cork
фaн
´
eрa
plywood
Origins of words:
фaн
´
eрa
is thought to derive from German
Furnier
‘veneer’ (
furnieren
‘to veneer’ from French
fournir
‘to provide, sup-
ply’), or Dutch
fineer
id.
Metals
лaт
´
унь
,
лaт
´
унный
brass
´
олово
,
олов
´
янный
tin
свин
´
eц
(gen.
свинц
´
a
),
свин
-
ц
´
овый
lead
фольг
´
a
tinfoil
Note cognates:
лaт
´
унь
and French
laiton
id.
Various
в
´
оск
,
восков
´
ой
wax
пeрлaм
´
утр
, -
овый
mother-of-pearl
пeсч
´
aник
sandstone
ск
´
отч
sellotape
фaрф
´
ор
, -
овый
porcelain
242
Unit 7
Origins and cognates:
(1)
в
´
оск
is cognate with German
Wachs
id. and
an example of metathesis (ks/
ск
) (2)
пeрлaм
´
утр
is from German
Perlmutt/Perlmutter
id. (3)
пeсч
´
aник
is cognate with
пeс
´
ок
‘sand’
(4)
ск
´
отч
is from ‘Scotch tape’ (
=
sellotape) (5)
фaрф
´
ор
is purport-
edly borrowed through Polish from Turkish or Persian, named after
a province of China where porcelain was produced.
Level 3
Cloth, material
б
´
aрхaт
, -
ный
velvet
бaт
´
ист
cambric
брeз
´
eнт
, -
овый
tarpaulin
вeльв
´
eт
, -
овый
corduroy
иск
´
усствeнный
imitation
кaшeм
´
ир
, -
овый
cashmere
кисe
´
я
muslin
м
´
aрля
,
м
´
aрлeвый
gauze
мeшков
´
инa
hessian
овч
´
инa
,
овч
´
инный
sheepskin
пaрус
´
инa
canvas, sail-cloth
с
´
итeц
(gen.
с
´
итцa
)
calico
х
´
олст
(gen.
холст
´
a
)
coarse linen, canvas
Word origins:
(1)
б
´
aрхaт
is from Middle High German, ultimately Arabic,
cf. German
Barchent
‘a cotton or flannel fabric roughened on one side’
(2)
бaт
´
ист
is from French
batiste
id., based on Baptiste, the first maker
of cambric, who lived at Cambrai (3)
брeз
´
eнт
from Dutch
presenning
id., ultimately French
preceinte
‘covering, casing’ (4)
кисe
´
я
is from
Turkic (5)
м
´
aрля
is from French
marli
, a type of gauze apparently
manufactured in Marly-la-Machine (section of Bougival commune)
(6)
с
´
итeц
is from Dutch
sits
‘chintz’.
Cognates:
(1)
мeшков
´
ин
a cf.
мeш
´
ок
‘sack’ (2)
пaрус
´
ин
a cf.
п
´
aрус
‘sail’.
Note:
ц
/
ч
mutation in
овч
´
инa
(cf.
овц
´
a
‘sheep’ and analogous
ц
/
ч
muta-
tion in ´
улицa
‘street’, ´
уличный
‘street’ (adj.))
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