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Teaching pragmatic competence



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3.1.4 Teaching pragmatic competence 
Pragmatic knowledge refers to the way language is used to communicate in a 
variety of different contexts. Doing things with words in context, for example to 
suggest something, advise somebody, to offer or request, is realized as speech acts 
(Austin, 1975; Searle, 1969). For second and foreign language learners, who are not 
familiar with the sociocultural contexts and conventions of the target language, 
speech acts of requests, apologies, refusals and compliments may be challenging 
to learn. Obviously, the appropriate use of speech acts is best learned in authentic 
communication, but there are pedagogical approaches with the purpose of 
teaching speech acts in the FL classroom. Although the results are controversial, it 
seems that explicit teaching has an effect on the pragmatic (and sociolinguistic) 
competence, even more significant than a study abroad context (see, e.g. Taguchi, 2011).
To be able to communicate in various speech situations, one needs to have a 
repertoire of ario s gambits , s ch as speech acts and t rn
-taking devices. In 
many cases, such devices are pre-fabricated and context-specific. Speech acts and 
adjacency pairs, devices are exemplified below.
Fujimori and Houck (2004, pp. 2 8) suggest a three-step programme for 
teaching speech acts. The first step aims at 
consciousness-raising
of speech acts and 
their functions. Some examples might be eliciting functions for speech acts, such 
as 
This is really nice, this wine!
(praise, evaluation) and 
Wh don t o sit do n!
(suggestion, not a question). The focus of the next phase is knowledge building. 
The st dents task is to identif ad ice
-giving forms: 
 


H.-M. Pakula 107
Example 3.
Speech acts: Consciousness-raising
Are the following sentences direct, softened, or indirect? 
1.
 
You should see The Lord of the Rings. 
2.
 
Maybe, you might enjoy seeing The Lord of the Rings. 
3.
 
The new The Lord of the Rings is great. I really enjoyed it. 
In the next step
 
(Production development, spoken responses)
, learners produce 
appropriate speech acts in different, sometimes delicate situations: 

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