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Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Emblem of Uzbekistan
Government overview
Formed	1 September 1991
Preceding Government	Council of Ministers of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Jurisdiction	Uzbekistan
Minister responsible	Abdulla Aripov, Prime Minister
Website	gov.uz

This article is about only executive branch, headed by the Prime Minister. For all branches, see Politics of Uzbekistan.

Politics of Uzbekistan

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The Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O'zbekiston Respublikasining Hukumati/Узбекистон Республикасининг Ҳукумати) exercises executive power in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The members of the government are the President of Uzbekistan, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan, Ministers, and deputy ministers. It has its legal basis in the Constitution of Uzbekistan. Cabinet of Ministers - The Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the executive power body of the Republic of Uzbekistan, ensuring guidance over effective functioning of the economy, social and cultural development, execution of the laws, and other decisions of the Oliy Majlis, as well as decrees and resolutions issued by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Current Cabinet[edit]
The cabinet consists of the following members:^[1]

Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan
Office	Name	Political party
Prime Minister	Abdulla Aripov	Liberal Democratic
Minister of Foreign Affairs	Abdulaziz Kamilov	-
Minister of Internal Affairs	Poʻlat Bobojonov	-
Minister of Finance	Timur Ishmetov^[2]	-
Minister of Defense	Bakhodir Kurbanov	-
Minister of Emergency Situations	Tursinkhon Khudayberganov	-
Minister of Justice	Ruslanbek Davletov	-
Minister of Foreign Economic Relations and Investments	Sardor Umurzakov	-
Minister of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction	Jamshid Kuchkarov	-
Minister of Culture	Ozodbek Nazarbekov
Minister of Tourism and Sports	Aziz Abdukhakimov
Minister of Agriculture	Jamshid Khodjayev	-
Ministry of Water Resources	Shavkat Khamraev	-
Minister of employment and labor relations	Nozim Khusanov	-
Minister of Higher and Secondary Special Education	Abdukodir Toshkulov	-
Minister of Preschool Education	Agrippina Shin	-
Minister of Public Education	Sherzod Shermatov	-
Minister of Public Health	Abdukhakim Khadzhibaev	-
Minister of Energy	Alisher Sultanov^[3]	-
Minister of Transport	Ilkhom Makhkamov	-
Minister of Construction	Batir Zakirov	-
Minister for the Development of Information Technologies and Communications	Shukhrat Sadikov	-
Minister of Housing and Communal Services	Sherzod Khidoyatov	-
Minister of Innovative Development	Ibrohim Abdurakhmonov	-
Minister for Support of Mahalla and Family	Rakhmat Mamatov	-

The Republic of Uzbekistan is a presidential constitutional republic, whereby the President of Uzbekistan is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Supreme Assembly, the Senate and the Legislative Chamber. The judicial branch (or judiciary), is composed of the Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and Higher Economic Court that exercises judicial power.
The movement toward economic reform in Uzbekistan has not been matched by movement toward political reform. The government of Uzbekistan has instead tightened its grip since independence (September 1, 1991), cracking down increasingly on opposition groups. Although the names have changed, the institutions of government remain similar to those that existed before the breakup of the Soviet Union. The government has justified its restraint of public assembly, opposition parties, and the media by emphasizing the need for stability and a gradual approach to change during the transitional period, citing the conflict and chaos in the other former republics (most convincingly, neighboring Tajikistan). This approach has found credence among a large share of Uzbekistan's population, although such a position may not be sustainable in the long run.
Despite the trappings of institutional change, the first years of independence saw more resistance than acceptance of the institutional changes required for democratic reform to take hold. Whatever initial movement toward democracy existed in Uzbekistan in the early days of independence seems to have been overcome by the inertia of the remaining Soviet-style strong centralized leadership.

«THE GOVERNMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN»

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THE GOVERNMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN
The Monarchy and the Cabinet.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a parliamentary monarchy. The monarch has certain political rights. Now at the head of the State is the Queen. She is only a formal ruler and does not actually governs. Her position is usually described as a constitutional or limited monarchy. In practice that means the Queen does not act independently. Whatever she does must be done on the advice of the Prime Minister and her Ministers.
However it would be wrong to underestimate the role of the monarchy in Britain. No Bill can become Law until it receives the Royal Assent. Nobody but the Queen can summon Parliament or dissolve it. One of the most important powers is that of appointing the Prime Minister. But the Queen is bound to appoint a person who will be supported by a majority in the House of Commons.
Another important attribute of power is information. All cabinet minutes and papers go in a red box to Buckingham Palace: atomic secrets, budget plans, important foreign correspondence - all go to the Queen. Every Tuesday night, when the Queen is in London, the Prime Minister goes round to Buckingham Palace for a talk with her.
The British Government consists of the Prime Minister and other Ministers. The Parliamentary regime of Great Britain is sometimes referred to as a system of Cabinet Government. The Ministers who compose the Cabinet are members of one or the other House of Parliament, and the Cabinet must be supported by a majority in, at least, the House of Commons. The Cabinet meets at No 10 Downing Street, the official residence of the Prime Minister. The Cabinet usually meets once a week but sometimes more often. The Cabinet and its committees work in great secrecy. The Members of the Cabinet introduce legislation, control finance, arrange the time-table of the Houses of Parliament, conduct foreign affairs, dispose military forces and exercise control over every department of administration.
ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ
Монархия и Кабинет министров.
Объединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии - парламентская монархия. Монарх имеет определенные политические права. Теперь во главе Государства - Королева. Она - только формальный правитель и не может фактически управлять. Ее позиция обычно описана как конституционная или ограниченная монархия. На практике это означает, что Королева не действует независимо. Всё, что она делает должны делать на совете Премьер-министра и ее Министров.
Однако было бы неправильно недооценить роль монархии в Великобритании. Никакой Законопроект не может стать законом, пока это не будет Королевской санкций. Никто, но Королева может созвать Парламент или распустить его. Одно из самых важных полномочий - это назначение Премьер-министра. Но Королева обязана назначить человека, который поддерживается большинством в Палате общин.
Другой важный признак власти - информация. Все протоколы кабинета министров и бумаги поступают в красную папку в Букингемском Дворце: атомные тайны, планы бюджета, важная иностранная корреспонденция - все идёт к Королеве. Каждый вторник ночью, когда Королева находится в Лондоне, Премьер-министр идет вокруг в Букингемский Дворец для разговора с нею.
Британское Правительство состоит из Премьер-министра и других Министров. Парламентский режим Великобритании упоминается иногда как система Правительства Кабинета министров. Министры, которые составляют Кабинет - члены одной или другой партии Парламента, и Кабинет министров должен поддержаться большинством , по крайней мере, Палатой общин. Кабинет министров находится в доме 10 поDowning Street , официальное место жительства Премьер-министра. Кабинет обычно встречается один раз в неделю, но иногда чаще. Кабинет министров и его комитеты работают в большой тайне. Члены Кабинета министров представляют законодательство, управляют финансами, устраивают расписание Зданий Парламента, проводят иностранные дела, располагают военные силы и осуществляют контроль над каждым отделом администрации.

Holidays and Festivals in Great Britain

Festivals in Great Britain
There are eight holidays a year in Great Britain. On these days people don’t go to work. They are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year’s Day, Good Friday, Easter, May Day, Spring Bank Holiday, Late Summer Bank Holiday.
Most of these holidays are of religious origin. But nowadays they have lost their religious significance and are simply days on which people relax, visit their friends. All the public holidays (except New Year’s Day, Christmas and Boxing Day) are movable. They don’t fall on the same date each year.
Besides public holidays, there are other festivals, anniversaries, on which certain traditions are observed. But if they don’t fall on Sunday, they’re ordinary working days.

New Year
In England New Year is not as widely observed as Christmas. Some people just ignore it, but others celebrate it in one way or another.

The most common type of celebration is a New Year party (either a family party or one arranged by a group of young people).
This usually begins at about 8 o’clock p.m. and goes until the early hours of the morning. There is usually a buffet supper of cold meat, pies, sandwiches, cakes, a big bowl of punch.
At midnight people listen to the chiming of Big Ben and sing «Auld Lang Syne» (a song by Robert Burns «The days of long
ago»).
Another popular way of celebrating New Year is to go to a New Year’s dance. Most hotels and dance halls hold a special dance on New Year’s Eve.
The most famous celebration is round the statue of Eros in Piccadilly Circus. People sing, dance and welcome the New Year. Someone usually falls into the fountain. January 1st is a public holiday. People don’t work. They send cards and give presents.
CHRISTMAS DAY is observed on the 25th of December. In Britain this day was a festival long before the conversion to Christianity. Though religion in Britain has been loosing ground Christmas is still the most widely celebrated festival. It is the most colourful and merry holiday.
On Christmas Eve everything is rush. Offices close at one o’clock but the shops stay open late. Most cities are decorated with coloured lights and enormous Christmas trees. In the homes people decorate Christmas trees and hang a bunch of mistletoe under which the boys kiss the girls. They also arrange Christmas cards on shelves, tables, mantel-pieces. The housewife is busy cooking a turkey and baking Christmas cakes.
Over the end of the bed people hang stockings. Children believe that Father Christmas will come down the chimney and fill the stockings with presents. A carrot for the reindeer is usually left on the mantelpiece.
On Christmas Day many people go to church. On returning from church the family gather round the Tree and open the parcels. Everyone gets something.
Christmas meal is really traditional — stuffed turkey, boiled ham, mashed potatoes to be followed by plum pudding, mince pies, tea or coffee and cakes.
People travel from all parts of the country to be at home for Christmas.
Another popular festival is Guy Fawkes Night (November, 5). It commemorates the discovery of the so-called Gunpowder Plot and is widely celebrated throughout the country.
Conspiracy was going to destroy the English Houses of Parliament and King James I, when the latter opened Parliament on November, 5, 1605.
In May 1604 the conspirators rented a house adjoining the House of Lords from which they dug a tunnel to a vault below the house. There they stored 36 barrels of gunpowder. It was planned that when King and Parliament were destroyed the Roman Catholics should attempt and seize power. But on October, 26, one of the conspirators wrote to Lord Monteagle and warned him to stay away from the House of Lords. On November, 4, a search was made and the gunpowder was found together with Guy Fawkes, an English Roman Catholic. Fawkes had been commissioned to set off the explosion. Fawkes was hanged.
According to another theory the plot never existed at all. The Government just wanted to blacken the Catholics and tighten the laws against them. The truth is so deeply buried that we are not likely to discover it.
On November, 5, children are allowed to let off fireworks to make a bonfire and burn on it the figure of a «guy» made of old clothes, straw and a hat.
St. Valentine’s Day
St. Valentine’s Day is celebrated on February, 14. Every St. Valentine’s Day thousands of people travel to a small village on Scotland’s border with England to get married. The village is called Gretna Green. Its romantic reputation began in 1754. In that times in England marriage for the people under the age of 21 without parents’ permission was banned. However, in Scotland this permission was not required. Gretna Green was the first stop across the border. Many young couples came to Gretna Green to get married there.
Nowadays, in this place, at least one couple gets married every day of the year. Weddings for St. Valentine’s Day have to be booked 3 months in advance. On this day boys and girls, sweethearts, husbands and wives, friends and neighbours exchange greetings of affection and love. People send each other greeting cards, chocolates and flowers. Valentine’s cards are very colourful, with a couple of human hearts on them.
In the last century, sweethearts would spend hours fashioning a home-made card or a present.
There is a version of the first Valentine. It was a bishop, a Christian martyr who before he was put to death by the Romans sent a note of friendship to his jailer’s blind daughter.
Easter
Easter is a time when certain traditions are observed. It is celebrated either as the start of spring or a religious festival. In England presents traditionally take the form of an Easter egg. Easter eggs are usually made of chocolate. Nowadays, Easter eggs are often artificial. But they haven’t been used before the middle of the last century and they haven’t displaced the true Easter eggs.
Easter eggs always grace breakfast tables on Easter Day. Sometimes they are hidden about the house for the children to find them.
There are some Easter games like egg- rolling and egg-shackling. Every year London greets the spring with Easter Parade in Battersea Park on Easter Sunday. The parade begins at 3 p. m.

The US Government
There are three levels of government in the US – federal, state, and local. All of these are elected by the people of the country.
The federal government is the national government of the US. The Constitution of the US limits the power of the federal government to defence, foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is made up of Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court.
Congress is the institution that makes laws, and is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives has 435 members called Representatives or Congressmen and Congresswomen, who are elected by the people of a state to represent that state. The number of Representatives for each state depends on the size of the population of the state. The Senate has 100 members called Senators, who are elected by their states. Each state has two Senators.
State government has the greatest influence over people’s daily lives. Each state has its own written constitution (set of fixed laws). There are sometimes great differences in law between the different states, concerning things such as property, crime, health, and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor.
The organizations that are responsible for local government in the US are called town or city or county councils. They make laws which concern things such as traffic, when and where alcohol can be sold, and keeping animals. The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the Major.
Every law at every level of government must be in agreement with the United States Constitution.


Holidays In The USA
American holidays are strikingly different in origin and show surprising similarities in the manner of their celebration. No matter what the holiday's origin is, they all seem to be the same thing. A holiday has simply become, for most Americans, a day off from work, though some (for example, Thanksgiving and Christmas) retain some individuality.
The major holidays in the USA are:
New Year's Day, January, 1st:
People stay awake until after midnight on December 31st to "watch the Old Year out and the New Year in." Many parties are given on this night. Theatres, night clubs, restaurants are crowded. When midnight comes, they greet the New Year: people gather in the streets of big cities, they ring bells, blow whistles and automobile horns, some shoot off guns and firecrackers.
Valentine's Day, February, 14th:
It is not a national holiday. Banks and offices do not close, but it is a happy little festival in honour of St Valentine, patron of sweethearts and lovers. It is widely celebrated among people of all ages by the exchange of "valentines." A "valentine" may mean a special greeting card or a little present. The greeting cards are often coloured red, have red trimmings and pictures of hearts.
Washington's Birthday, February, 22d:
In addition to commemorating the birth of the United States' first President, it's a great day for shoppers. The department stores of Washington, DC, stated a national tradition of sales marked by unusual bargains. It is not a national holiday. Many schools, offices and banks close for this day, some stay open. The US Congress observes the birthday of George Washington with speeches and readings from his works.
Easter:
Easter is in memory of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. It falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon between March, 22, and April, 25. The 40 days before Easter are called Lent. Just before Easter, schools and colleges usually close. Students have a week or ten days of spring vacation. Easter is a church holiday, and many churches have an outdoor sunrise service. People give each other presents of eggs which are the symbol of new life. There is a popular belief that wearing three new things on Easter will bring good luck throughout the year.
Memorial Day, May, 30th:
It is a national holiday. Schools, banks and offices close for the day. On that day, Americans honour the servicemen who gave their lives in past wars. Schools, clubs and churches decorate the cemeteries. They put up the flags on the graves of the army, navy and airmen. They hold memorial services in churches, halls, parks and cemeteries. In addition to solemn services Memorial Day is often marked by other, more joyful ceremonies: colourful parades, sports competitions.
Independence Day, July, 4th:
On this day, in 1776, America signed the Declaration of Independence. It is a national public holiday celebrated with fireworks and speeches praising "Americanism, democracy, free enterprise".
Labor Day, the first Monday in September:
It is a holiday of recreation. It marks the end of summer and the beginning of autumn. Vacation time is over. Resorts, camps and beaches close ... Parents go to summer camps and take their children back home.
Halloween, October, 31st:
Halloween is the day or evening before All Saints' Day. Halloween customs date back to a time when people believed in devils, witches and ghosts. They thought that these evil spirits could do all kinds of damage to property. Some people tried to ward off witches by painting magic signs on their barns. Others tried to scare them away by nailing a piece of iron, such as a horseshoe, over the door. Now most people do not believe in evil spirits. On this day they just have a nice holiday. Children dress up as ghosts and witches and go out into the streets to beg. They go from house to house and say: "Trick of treat!", meaning "Give me a treat or I'll play a trick on you". People give them candy, cookies and apples. A favourite custom is to make a jack-o'-lantem. Children scrape out a pumpkin and cut the outlines of eyes, nose and mouth in its side. They light a candle inside the pumpkin to scare their friends. This custom refers to a man named Jack who still wanders around the earth lighting his way with a pumpkin lantern.
Veterans Day:
On this day, the radio and television broadcast services held at the National Cemetery in Arlington. High officials come from Washington to attend these services. They place a wreath of flowers at the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. All stand in silence for a few minutes at eleven o'clock to honour the memory of the servicemen killed in the two World Wars.
Thanksgiving Day, the fourth Thursday in November:
In the USA it is a national holiday. It was first celebrated in 1621 by the Pilgrim Fathers after their first good harvest. Thanksgiving is a family day, for it is customary for all members of the family to gather at the home of their parents. The family eats a large traditional dinner, usually with turkey, cranberry sauce and pumpkin pie.
Christmas Day, December, 25th:
It is usually a one-day official holiday, but it is preceded and followed by festive parties, and marked by special church services, gift-giving and feasting. Christmas is a family holiday. Schools and colleges close between Christmas and New-Year's Day. People stay at home and spend the time with their families. Everybody tries to come home for Christmas. People send cards or Christmas greetings to family and friends away from home. Every family tries to have a Christmas tree, which is beautifully decorated. Santa Claus comes from the North Pole in his sleigh, dressed in red cap and jacket, entering the house from chimney. He is a merry and fat individual. He has gifts of whatever kind you may wish for — nothing is too fabulous nor too trivial for him to provide.