Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

 
Subject Index 
I-21
short-term, 210 f , 211–213
source amnesia of, 225
strategies for improving, 237
studies on erasing traumatic, 220
three basic processes of, 209 f –210 f
three-system approach to, 209–210 f
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon 
of, 222
working memory, 213–214 f
Memory dysfunctions
Alzheimer’s disease as, 235–236 f
amnesia as, 236
Korsakoff’s syndrome as, 236
strategies for improving, 237
Memory failure
proactive and retroactive interfer-
ence and, 234–235
reasons for, 233 f –234
research on causes of, 232 f –233
strategies for improving, 237
Memory traces, 233
Men. See also Gender differences
brain lateralization by, 90–91
range of ages for major sexual 
changes, 413 f
sense of smell by women ver-
sus, 118–119
sexual biology of, 356–357 f
sexual response cycle for, 359 f
Menopause, 423–424
Mental age, 288
Mental images
defi nition of, 244 f –245
thinking as manipulation of,
243–249
Mental problems. See also
Psychological disorders
psychophysiological disorders 
and, 476–477
reported by college 
students, 535 f
Mental retardation (or intellectual 
disabilities). See also People 
with disabilities
defi nition of, 295–296
down syndrome, 278, 296, 390
familial retardation, 296
identifying the roots of, 296
integrating individuals with,
296–297
Mental set, 259
Metabolism, 319
Metacognition, 408–409
Methadone, 167
Methamphetamine (“Meth”), 163
Midbrain, 81, 83 f
“Midlife crisis,” 424
Midlife transition, 424–425
Milgram’s obedience experiment 
(1960s), 595–596 f
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality 
Inventory-2 (MMPI-2),
463–464 f , 465
Mirror neurons, 64, 200–201 f
Mnemonics, 213
Mode
comparing median, mean, 
and, A-8
defi nition of, A-7
Money and happiness, 497–498
Mood disorders
causes of, 523–524
defi nition of, 520
major depression, 521
mania and bipolar disorder,
522 f –523
A Test for Depression quiz, 521 f
Mood stabilizers, 566–567
Moral development
brain research on moral deci-
sion, 613
Kohlberg’s theory of, 414–415
in women, 415–416
Morality (caring), 415–416
Mothers
correlating IQ scores of daughters 
and, A-17 f
prenatal development and 
physical/emotional state 
of, 390–391
Motion perception, 131
Motivation
Alfred Adler on quest for self-
improvement, 446
applying different approaches 
to, 315 f –316
Aron Ralston’s story on, 309, 
315–316
arousal approaches to, 311
cognitive approaches to, 313
defi nition of, 309
drive-reduction approaches 
to, 310–311 f
hunger and eating needs 
and, 317–319 f
incentive approaches to, 311–313
instincts and role in, 309–310
intrinsic and extrinsic, 313
measuring achievement, 325
Motivational needs, 313–315
Motor area of cortex, 86
Motor (efferent) neurons, 72
Müller-Lyer illusion, 133 f
Multitasking, 101
Musical intelligence, 282 f
Myelin sheath, 62 f
N 
Narcissistic personality disorder, 530
Narcolepsy, 150
Narcotics
overview of, 163 f –164 f
pain management using, 167–168
Narcotics Anonymous, 559
NASA’s Columbia shuttle disaster 
(2003), 591–592
National Council on Alcoholism, 169
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse 
and Alcoholism, 169
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 169
Native Americans, 419
Nativist approach to language devel-
opment, 268
Naturalist intelligence, 282 f
Naturalistic observation
compared to other methods, 45 f
description of, 37–38
Nature (heredity) vs. nurture (environ-
ment) issue, 23 f –24
Nature-nurture issue
description of, 381–382
determining relative infl uence 
of, 383
Nazi “only following orders” 
defense, 596
Need for achievement, 325
Need for affi liation, 325–326
The Need for Cognition quiz, 580 f
Need for power, 326
Needs
achievement and success, 325
affi liation and friendship, 325–326
hunger and eating, 317–324 f
Maslow’s hierarchy of, 313–315
power and infl uence, 326
self-actualization, 314 f
Negative correlation, 39–40 f
Negative reinforcers, 186, 187 f
Negative relationship
defi nition of, A-15, 39–40 f
scatterplots showing, A-16
Nembutal, 162 f , 167
Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts , 445–446
Neonates (newborns)
defi nition of, 393
development of the senses,
394–395 f
movement development of, 394 f
refl exes of, 393–394
Nervous systems
biofeedback used to recover from 
damage to, 92–93
CNS (central nervous system),
70–71 f
divisions of autonomic, 72–73 f
drug use impact on, 160 f
evolutionary foundations of 
the, 73–75
neurons linking the, 70–72
PNS (peripheral nervous sys-
tem), 70, 71 f –72
spinal cord and, 70–71 f
Neurogenesis, 88
Neurons
defi nition of, 61
feature detection by visual 
stimuli, 109
how they fi re electrical charge,
62–64 f
interneurons, 72
memory at the level of, 219–221
mirror, 64, 200–201 f
motor (efferent), 72
nervous systems linked by, 70–72
neurogenesis of, 88
research on personality traits and 
related brain, 457 f
sensory (afferent), 72
structure of, 61–62 f
synapse between two, 65 f
Neuroplasticity, 88–89 f
Neuroscience
perspective of behavioral, 6, 7 f , 18, 
19, 23 f , 217–221, 333–334
social, 26, 600
Neuroscience in your life. See also
Behavioral neuroscience; Brain
bilingualism and the brain, 273
brain areas involved in different 
kinds of intelligence, 284 f
brain research on prejudice, 600
categorizing our world using con-
cepts, 246 f
cognitive processing in anorexic 
patients, 323 f
experience, memory, and the 
brain, 219 f
how behavioral therapy changes 
your brain, 552 f
lack of sleep impact on emo-
tions, 146 f
learning through observation, 201 f
moral decisions and the brain, 613
research on neurons and relation-
ship to personality, 457 f
seeing vision in the brain, 110 f
stress and social support, 482 f
understanding OCD (obsessive-
compulsive disorder), 517
why it’s so diffi cult to quit, 488 f
young infants recognition of emo-
tions, 396 f –397
Neurotic anxiety, 443
Neuroticism, 449 f
Neurotransmitters
behavior and role of, 66–68
description of, 65 f
excitatory and inhibitory messages 
of, 66
glutamate, 565
names of specifi c, 67 f
reuptake of, 66
Neutral stimulus, 176, 177 f , 178
Nicotine. See also Smoking
fetal development and, 391
as stimulate drug, 162
Night terrors, 150
Nightmares, 147
Nine-dot problem solution, 265 f
Noise stimulus, 100–101
Noncompliance
effective communication to pre-
vent, 493–494 f
forms of, 492–493
Nontasters, 119
Nonverbal communication, 349
Norm of reciprocity, 594
Normal distribution, A-8 f
Norms
debate over race and ethnicity 
used to establish, 462–463
group formation of, 590
premarital sex and changing,
365–367
psychological tests based on, 462
reciprocity, 594
test measure, 291–292
Not-so-free sample, 594
Nutrition, 390
Nutritionist, 320
O 
Obedience
defi nition of, 595
Milgram’s shock experiment 
on, 595–596 f
Nazi “only following orders” 
defense of, 596
Obesity
BMI (body mass index) to 
measure, 317, 318 f
defi nition of, 317–318
nontasters and, 119
nutritionist role in treating, 320
roots of, 321–322
understanding and preventing, 21
Object permanence, 405
Observable behavior vs. internal men-
tal processes, 23 f , 24
Observational learning
aggression through, 610
behavior therapists use of, 551
description of, 200–201, 452
learning styles and, 202–203
media violence and, 201–202
mirror neurons and role in, 201 f
prejudice and discrimination, 599
Obsession, 515
Obsessive-compulsive disorder 
(OCD), 515–517
Occipital lobes, 85 f
Oedipal confl ict, 442
Older adults
adjusting to death, 432
life review, 432
memory changes in, 430
social world of, 431–432
video games improving cognitive 
functioning, 429
Olfactory bulb, 83 f
Olfactory cells, 118, 119