Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

I-26 Subject 
Index
Variable-interval reinforcement sched-
ule, 190 f , 191
Variable-ratio reinforcement sched-
ule, 190 f
Variables
correlation coeffi cient measure of,
A-16–A-17
defi nition of, 39
independent and dependent, 42
positive and negative correlations 
of, 39–40 f , A-15
Vestibular system, 117–118
Video games
improving cognitive functioning 
in older adults, 429
violence of, 202
Violence. See also Social behavior
aggressive behavior and, 608–610
gender differences in aggression 
and, 348
media infl uence on, 201–202
Visible spectrum, 104 f
Vision. See also Eyes
blind spot, 107–108 f
color blindness and color, 110–112 f
comparing camera to, 105 f
peripheral, 106
visible spectrum of, 104 f
Visual cortex, 334 f
Visual illusions, 132–134
Vomeronasal organ, 119
Vygotsky’s zone of Proximal develop-
ment (ZPD), 409 f –410
W 
Wear-and-tear theories of aging,
427–428
Weber’s law, 102
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV 
(WAIS-IV), 290 f
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for 
Children-IV (WISC-IV), 290
Weight set point, 319, 321–322
Weightlessness, 118
Wellness. See also Disease
characteristics of happy peo-
ple, 495–497
contagion of happiness and, 496
subjective well-being and, 495
Wernicke’s aphasia, 87
What Every Boy Should Know (1900s 
manual), 362
WHO (World Health Organization),
534, 536 f
WHO World Mental Health Survey 
Consortium, 534, 536 f
Withdrawal, 526
Women. See also Gender differences
biological factors of depression 
in, 524
brain lateralization by, 90–91
moral development in, 415–416
premenstrual dysphoric disorder 
in, 536–537
range of ages for major sexual 
changes, 413 f
“second shift” of, 426
sense of smell by men versus,
118–119
sexual biology of, 356–357 f
sexual response cycle for, 359 f
stereotype threat experienced 
by, 349
Working memory, 213–214 f
Working women, 426
World Trade Center attack (2001),
225, 474 f