Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

 
Subject Index 
I-17
Clinical social workers, 545 f
Closure gestalt law, 126–127 f
Cocaine, 164
Cochlea, 114, 115 f
Cognitive abilities. See also Reasoning;
Social cognition; Thinking
gender differences in, 349–350
interaction of brain and socializa-
tion in gender, 350 f
video games improving older 
adult functioning, 429
Cognitive appraisal, 554
Cognitive approaches to motivation
compared to other 
approaches, 315 f
defi nition of, 313
Cognitive development
adolescence, 414–416
childhood, 404–408
defi nition of, 404
Piaget’s theory of, 405 f –408
Vygotsky’s zone of Proximal 
development (ZPD), 409 f –410
Cognitive dissonance, 582 f –583
Cognitive learning theory
description of, 198
on latent learning, 198–200
on learning styles, 202–203
on observational learning, 200–202
Cognitive perspective
of abnormality, 505 f , 506–507
on anorexic patients, 323 f
description of, 18, 20
key psychology issues and posi-
tion of, 23 f
pain management through cogni-
tive restructuring, 123
Cognitive psychology
defi nition of, 6, 7 f , 242
on problem solving, 251–263
on thinking and reasoning, 
243–249
Cognitive theory
of depression, 523
of schizophrenia, 528
Cognitive thinking
metacognition of, 408–409
The Need for Cognition quiz, 580 f
Cognitive treatment approaches
defi nition of, 552
evaluating, 554
psychotherapy using, 552–554
Cognitive-affective processing system 
(CAPS) theory, 453
Cognitive-behavioral approach, 553
Collective unconscious, 445–446
Collectivistic orientation, 588
College students. See also Education
binge drinking by, 164–165 f
problems reported by, 535 f
pros and cons as research 
subjects, 50 f
stress and depression of, 537
Color blindness, 110–111
Color vision, 111–112 f
Columbia shuttle disaster (2003), 
591–592
Communication. See also Language
advertising agency creator use 
of, 581
effective health-care provider and 
patient,
493–494 f
overgeneralization of language 
rules during, 267
persuasion to change attitudes 
through, 579–581
positively and negatively framed 
messages, 495
telegraphic speech, 267
Community psychology, 570 f –571
Companionate love, 605–606
Compliance
defi nition of, 593
effective communication to pro-
mote, 493–494 f
increasing medical advice, 494–495
obedience through, 595–596 f
techniques used to gain, 593–595
Compulsion, 516
Computers
adaptive testing using, 292
artifi cial intelligence of, 249
Conception
alternative paths to, 391–392
illustration of, 387 f
Concepts
categorizing the world through,
245–246
defi nition of, 245
prototype representations of, 
245, 247 f
Concrete operational stage, 405 f , 406
Conditional positive regard, 458
Conditioned response (CR), 176–177 f , 
178
Conditioned stimulus (CS), 176, 
177 f , 178
Conditioning. See Classical conditioning
Cones
retina, 106
trichromatic theory of color vision 
on, 111
Confi rmation bias, 260
Conformity
defi nition of, 590–591
groupthink, 591–592
research fi ndings on nature of, 591
to social roles, 592–593
Conscious vs. unconscious issue, 
23 f , 24
Consciousness
cross-cultural routes to altered 
states of, 157
defi nition of, 140
divided, 155
hypnosis and, 155–156
meditation for regulating, 156–158
Consolidation of memory, 220
Constructive memory processes,
226–227
Contingency contracting, 551
Continuous reinforcement sched-
ule, 189
Control groups, 41
Convergent thinking, 261–262
Conversion disorder, 518, 519 f
Coping with stress
avoidant coping, 480
defense mechanisms used for,
480–481
effective strategies for, 483
emotion-focused, 480
GAS (general adaptation syn-
drome) on course of, 478 f –479
learned helplessness for, 
481, 523
problem-focused, 480
social support research on brain 
activation when, 482 f
Coping styles
hardy personality, 481–482
social support by turning to others,
482–483
Coronary heart disease, 485–486
Corpus callosum
description of, 83 f , 90
split-brain patients and the, 92 f
Correlation coeffi cient
defi nition of, A-16–A-17
IQ scores of mothers and 
daughters, A-17 f
negative relationship, A-15, A-16 f
positive relationship, A-15, A-16 f
Cortex, 76 f
Counseling
genetic, 75
rehabilitation, 86
Counseling psychologists, 545 f
Counseling psychology, 7 f , 8
Creative nonadherence, 492
Creativity
Dr. Matson’s Cork-EZ invention 
as, 242
problem solving and, 261
thinking critically and, 262–263
Critical (or sensitive) periods, 389
Cross-cultural psychology, 7 f , 8
Cross-sectional research, 383–384
Crystallized intelligence, 281, 287 f , 429
Cue-dependent forgetting, 234
Cultural differences
on academic success, 25 f
alcohol consumption and, 165
in attribution biases, 587–588
depth perception infl uenced 
by, 133–134 f
in expression of emotions, 335 f –336
in memory, 229–230
physician-patient communication 
and, 494
rites of passage around the 
world, 420
Culture. See also Exploring diversity
attribution biases in context 
of, 587–588
brain lateralization impacted by, 91
of DSM categorization, 538–539
female circumcision debate 
over, 360
gender division of labor and,
351–352
Horney’s stress on personality 
and, 446
how behavior is infl uenced 
by, 25 f –26
how learning is infl uenced by,
202–203
information framing infl uenced 
by, 230
language and biculturalism, 272
Culture-fair IQ test, 301
D 
Daily hassles, 475, 476 f
“Danger feeling,” 258
DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance 
Education), 161
Dark adaptation phenomenon, 106
Date rape
defi nition of, 370–371
drugs used for, 162 f , 167, 375
lowering risks of, 375
Death
Kübler-Ross stages of grief, 432
older adults and adjusting to, 432
Decay (memory), 233
Decision making
brain research on moral, 613
groupthink, 591–592
Declarative memory, 215, 216 f
Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion 
(2010), 4
Defense mechanisms
coping with stress using, 480–481
Freud’s psychoanalysis approach 
on, 442–444, 546–547
Deinstitutionalization, 570 f
Delusions, 525
Dendrite
description of, 61, 62 f
synapse between axon and, 65 f
Dependent variables, 42
Depressants
alcohol, 162 f , 164–167
barbiturates, 162 f , 167
overview of, 162 f
rohypnol (“date rape drug”),
162 f , 167
Depression
college students suffering 
from, 537
preventing onset of, 572
Depth perception, 129–130, 133–134 f
DES (diethylstilbestrol), 368, 391 f
Descriptive and correlational research
compared to other methods, 45 f
description of, 39
positive and negative correlation 
fi ndings in, 39–40 f
Descriptive statistics
central tendency, A-7
comparing the mean, median, 
mode, A-8
defi nition of, A-5–A-6
the mean, A-6–A-7
the median, A-7, A-8
the mode, A-7
normal and skewed distributions,
A-8 f –A-9 f
Determinism
defi nition of, 20, 24
free will versus, 20, 23 f , 24
Developmental psychology. See also
Prenatal development; 
Psychology
adolescence, 412–420
adulthood, 422–432
defi nition of, 6, 7 f , 380, 381
infancy through childhood,
397–410
newborns, 393–397
stages versus continuous, 407–408
Devil’s tuning fork, 133 f