Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

I-20 Subject 
Index
forgetting, 233 f –237
how culture frames, 230
language used to communi-
cate, 265
thinking as manipulating mental 
representations of, 243–249
Information processing
as approach to intelligence,
281, 283
description of, 408
Information retrieval
constructive process in memory 
for, 226–230
explicit and implicit memory 
and, 224–225
fl ashbulb memories and, 225–226 f
levels of processing for, 223–224
priming phenomenon of,
224–225
retrieval clues used in, 222–223 f
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon 
of, 222
Informed consent
defi nition of, 49
of research participants, 49–50
Informed consumers. See also
Psychology
adjusting to death, 432
using behavior analyst to modify 
behavior, 194–195
using biofeedback, 92–93
choosing the right therapist, 573
dealing effectively with anger, 613
deciding when you need help, 539
dieting and losing weight success-
fully, 323–324 f
effective coping strategies, 483
employer personality testing,
467–468
lowering risks of date rape, 375
pain management strategies, 123
scoring better on standardized 
tests, 292–293 f
sleeping better, 152
strategies for improving 
memory, 237
thinking critically and 
creatively, 262–263
understanding drug use, 169
Ingroups, 599–600
Inhibited ejaculation, 374
Inhibited sexual desire, 374
Inhibitory message, 66
Initiative-versus-guilt stage, 404
Instincts, 309–310
Intellectual ability
intellectually gifted, 297–298
mental retardation (or intellectual 
disabilities), 278, 295–297, 390
Intellectually gifted, 297–298
Intelligence. See also Thinking
adaptive and standardized testing 
of, 292–293 f
artifi cial, 286
assessing, 287–292
biological basis of, 283–284
considering the range and varieties 
of, 278, 279–280
crystallized, 281, 287 f , 429
defi nition of, 280
fl uid, 280–281, 287 f , 429
Flynn effect and fl exibility of,
302–303
g or g-factor of, 280
genetic and environmental determi-
nants of, 300–303
practical and emotional, 284–286, 
287 f
separate brain areas involved in 
different kinds of, 284 f
theories of, 280–287 f
Trukese navigation technique 
example of, 279
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
bell-shaped distribution of, 289 f
defi nition of, 286
deviation IQ scores, 289
gauging intelligence using contem-
porary, 289–291
reliability and validity of, 291–292
testing for, 287–289, 300–301
Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests
age differences and, 383–384
bias against minority groups,
300–301
correlation coeffi cient of mothers/
daughters scores, A-17
culture-fair, 301
debate over racial differences 
in, 462
Flynn effect and, 302–303
group, 291
older adults and, 428
Stanford-Binet Intelligence 
Scale, 289
Wechsler Adult Intelligence 
Scale-IV (WAIS-IV), 290 f
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for 
Children-IV (WISC-IV), 290
Intelligence theories
fl uid and crystallized intelli-
gence, 280–281, 287 f
Gardner’s multiple intelli-
gences, 281–282 f , 287 f
information-processing approach 
to intelligence, 281, 283, 287 f
Interactionist approaches to language 
development, 269
Interference
defi nition of, 234
proactive and retroactive,
234–235 f
Intermittent (or partial) reinforcement 
schedule, 189
Interneurons, 72
Interpersonal attraction, 604–605
Interpersonal intelligence, 282 f
Interpersonal therapy (IPT), 558
Intersex, 370
Intimacy-versus-isolation, 417
Intrapersonal intelligence, 282 f
Intrinsic motivation, 313
Introspection, 15
Is This Aggression? quiz, 609 f
J 
“Jabberwocky” (Carroll), 265
James-Lange theory of emotions,
331–332 f
Jet lag, 151
Judgment
evaluating solutions, 257
fi rst impressions, 451
impression formation, 583–584
K 
Kidneys, 76 f
Kinsey sexual behavior surveys 
(1930s), 364, 368 f
Kitty Genovese bystander case, 32, 
34–35, 41–46 f , 611
Kohlberg’s theory of moral develop-
ment, 414–415
Korsakoff’s syndrome, 236
Kübler-Ross stages of grief, 432
L 
Language. See also Communication
animals and use of, 270–271
association areas of the brain 
and, 87–88
brain hemisphere and processing 
of, 90–91
defi nition of, 265
development of, 266–269
grammar system of, 265–266
hearing and perception of speech 
and, 117
infl uence on thinking by, 269–270
sign, 266, 270–271
U.S. diversity of, 272 f
Language development
babbling, 266
interactionist approaches to, 269
learning theory approaches,
267–268
nativist approaches to, 268
production of language and,
266–267
Language-acquisition device, 268
Latency period, 442
Latent content
of dreams, 147
psychoanalysis to uncover, 546
Latent learning, 198–200
Lateralization (brain hemisphere), 90
Learned helplessness, 481, 523
Learning
analytical versus relational 
approaches to, 203 f
biological constraints on, 193
biologically prepared for, 181
classical conditioning, 175–178
cultural infl uences on, 202–203
defi nition of, 175
extinction phenomenon of,
179 f –180
latent, 198–200
observational, 200–203, 452, 551, 
599, 610
scaffolding to facilitate, 410
Learning styles
comparing analytical vs. rela-
tional, 203 f
cultural differences in, 202–203
Learning-theory approach to lan-
guage, 267–268
Leptin, 321
Levels-of-processing theory, 223–224
Licensed professional counselors, 545 f
The Life Orientation Test-Revised 
quiz, 463 f
Life review, 432
Light
eye response to, 105 f –106
visible spectrum of, 104 f
Light therapy, 123
Limbic system
description of, the, 83–84
functions of the, 84 f
Linear perspective, 129
Linguistic intelligence, 282 f
Linguistic-relativity hypothesis,
269–270
“Little Albert” conditioning case 
study, 178
Liver, 76 f
Logical-mathematical intelligence, 282 f
Long-term memory
constructive process in recall-
ing, 226–230
defi nition of, 210
explicit and implicit, 224–225
fl ashbulb memories, 225–226 f
levels of processing, 223–224
modules of, 215–216 f
rehearsal transfer from short-term 
to, 213
retrieval clues, 222–223 f
semantic networks and, 216–217 f
three-stage model of memory and,
210 f , 214–217
Long-term potentiation, 219–220
Longitudinal research, 384
Love
companionate, 605–606
marriage partner and, 607 f
passionate (or romantic), 605
three components of, 606–607 f
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 163 f , 
168–169
M 
Major depression, 521
Male circumcision, 360
Mania, 522 f –523
Manifest content
of dreams, 147, 148 f
psychoanalysis to move beyond 
the, 546
MAO inhibitors, 565 f
Marijuana
as hallucinogen, 163 f , 168
level of teenage use, 168 f
Marital sex, 367 f
Marriage. See also Divorce
adulthood development and, 425
rank ordering of desired character-
istics in a mate, 607 f
same-sex, 363
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 313–315
Mass media
stereotypes reinforced by, 599
violence infl uenced by, 201–202
“Master gland” (pituitary gland),
76 f –77
Masturbation, 362, 364–365 f
MDMA (Ecstasy), 163 f , 168–169
Mean
comparing median, mode, 
and, A-8
defi nition of, A-6
fi nding the average, A-6
fi nding the middle, A-7
standard deviation from, 
A-11 f –A-12 f
Means-ends analysis, 255–256
“Media copycat” killings, 201
Medial temporal lobes, 217
Median
comparing mode, mean, and, A-8
defi nition of, A-7
Medical advice
communication role in compliance 
with,
493–494 f
following, 492–495
increasing compliance with,
494–495
Medical perspective of abnormal-
ity, 505 f –506
Medical student’s disease, 539
Medication. See Drugs
Meditation
defi nition of, 156
regulating state of consciousness 
through, 156–158
Medulla, 76 f , 83 f
Memory
autobiographical, 229 f
defi nition of, 209
explicit and implicit, 224–225
eyewitness, 227–229
fl ashbulb, 225–226 f
hyperthymestic syndrome of, 208
increased span with age, 409 f
long-term, 210 f , 214–217, 222–230
neuroscience of, 217–221
older adults and changes in, 430
recalling, 222–230
repressed and false, 228–229
role sleep in, 144
sensory, 210 f –211
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