Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of 
Mental Disorders, Fourth 
Edition (DSM-IV-TR)
categories of disorders represented 
in the, 509 f
description of, 508–509
fi ve Axis of information categories 
included in the, 508
Rosenhan’s study showing the 
shortcomings of the, 510
Dialectical behavior therapy, 551
Dieting strategies, 323–324
Difference thresholds, 101–102
Diffusion of responsibility theory, 35, 
41–46 f , 611
Discrimination
defi nition of, 598
measuring, 601
reducing consequences of, 601–602
Discriminative stimulus, 191
Disease. See also Wellness
AIDS (acquired immune defi -
ciency syndrome), 373, 
390, 391 f
cancer, 486–487
coronary heart disease, 485–486
STIs (sexually transmitted infec-
tions), 372–373
Disengagement theory of aging, 431
Dispositional cause of behavior,
586
Dissociation, 155
Dissociative amnesia, 520
Dissociative disorders
defi nition of, 518–519
DID (dissociative identity dis-
order), 519–520
dissociative amnesia, 520
dissociative fugue, 520
Dissociative fugue, 520
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I-18 Subject 
Index
Dissociative identity disorder (DID),
519
Distractions
multitasking, 101
texting while driving, 21, 101
Divalproex sodium (Depakote),
565 f , 566
Divergent thinking, 261–262
Diversity. See Exploring diversity
Divided consciousness, 155
Divorce. See also Marriage, 425
Do You Seek Out Sensation? quiz, 312 f
Doom (video game), 202
Door-in-the-face technique, 594
Dopamine (DA), 67 f , 68
Dopamine hypothesis, 527
Double standard, 365–367
Down syndrome, 278, 296, 390
Dream interpretation, 546
Dream theories
activation-synthesis, 147 f , 149
dreams-for-survival, 147 f , 148–149
unconscious wish fulfi ll-
ment, 147 f –148
Dreams. See also Sleep
daydreams, 151
function and meaning of, 146 f –149
latent content of, 147
manifest content of, 147, 148 f
three theories of, 147 f
Dreams-for-survival theory, 147 f , 
148–149
Drive-reduction approaches to 
motivation
compared to other approaches,
315 f
defi nition of, 310
homeostasis and, 310–311 f
Drives, 310
Drug reduction programs, 161
Drug therapy
antianxiety drugs, 565 f , 567
antidepressant drugs, 565 f –566
antipsychotic drugs, 564–565 f
defi nition of, 564
mood stabilizers, 565 f , 566–567
Drug use/abuse. See also Alcohol 
abuse; Substance abuse 
counselors
addictive, 159–161
as avoidant coping strategy, 480
depressants, 162 f , 164–167
hallucinogens, 163 f , 168–169
marijuana, 163 f , 168 f
narcotics, 162 f –163 f , 167–168
nervous system impacted by, 160 f
prenatal development and 
mother’s, 390–391 f
psychoactive, 159
psychoactive substance use dis-
order, 531
steroid, 77 f
stimulants, 161 f –164
Drugs
date-rape, 162 f , 167, 375
pain management, 123
therapeutic, 564–567
E 
Ear
balance and semicircular canals 
of, 115 f , 117–118
major parts of the, 114–115 f
sensing sound, 114–118
Eardrum, 114, 115 f
Eating. See also Hunger
as avoidant coping strategy, 480
motivation behind, 317–319 f
social factors in, 320–322
Eating disorders
anorexia nervosa, 322–323 f , 531
as avoidant coping strategy, 480
binge-eating disorder, 531
bulimia, 322–323, 531
description of, 531
Ebbinghaus’ memory experi-
ment, 232 f –233
Eclectic approach to therapy, 562
Economic crisis coping, 21
Ecstasy (MDMA), 163 f , 168–169
Education. See also College stu-
dents; Schools
bilingual vs. immersion, 271
gender differences in the environ-
ment of, 353–354
reducing prejudice and discrimi-
nation through, 602
special, 296–297
Education for All Handicapped 
Children Act, 296
EEG (electroencephalogram), 79–80 f
Efferent (motor) neurons, 72
Ego, 440
Ego-integrity-versus-despair 
stage, 417
Egocentric thought, 405–406
Ejaculation, 359
Elaborative rehearsal, 213
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 567
Electrode pain management, 123
Embryo, 388
Emerging adulthood, 422–423 f
“EMI” Bach composition experiment,
249
Emotion-focused coping, 408
Emotional disturbances, 526
Emotional insulation, 481
Emotional intelligence, 285–286, 
287 f
Emotions. See also Feelings
aggression and, 608–610
amygdala role in experience of,
333–334 f
anger, 608–610, 613
Cannon-Bard theory of, 332 f
CAPS (cognitive-affective process-
ing system) theory on, 453
contagion of happiness and, 496
contemporary perspectives on 
neuroscience of, 333–334
cultural differences in expression 
of, 335 f –336
defi nition of, 328–329
determining the range of, 329–330 f
expressed, 528
functions of, 329
infant recognition of, 396 f –397
James-Lange theory on gut reac-
tions and, 331–332 f
lack of sleep impact on, 146
making sense of multiple perspec-
tives on, 334–335
prenatal development and moth-
er’s, 390
roots of, 330–335
Schachter-Singer theory of,
332 f –333
Employer personality testing, 467–468
Encoding, 209 f
Endocrine system. See also Hormones
description of, 75
location and function of major 
glands in, 76 f
pituitary gland of the, 76 f –77
Endorphins, 67 f , 68
Entrapment, 592
Environmental factors. See also
Socialization
intelligence determinant of genet-
ics versus, 300–303
language and verbal skills and,
90–91
nature-nurture debate over,
381–383
prenatal development and,
390–391 f
schizophrenia, 528
Episodic memory, 215–216 f
Erectile dysfunction, 374
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial 
development, 403–404, 
416 f –417, 446
Erogenous zones, 358
Estrogens
defi nition of, 356
studies on task abilities and levels 
of, 351
Ethical issues
animal research, 52–53
informed consent, 49–50
research and related, 49–51 f
Ethnicity. See also Race
defi nition of, 26
divisions on acceptable names 
for, 26
how behavior is infl uenced 
by, 25 f –26
Evaluation. See also Assessment
behavioral treatment approaches,
551–552
cognitive treatment approaches,
554
of different psychotherapy 
approaches, 559–562
humanistic approaches to person-
ality, 458–459
humanistic therapy, 558
personality learning approaches,
454
psychodynamic therapy, 547–548
solutions, 257, 260
trait theory used for personal-
ity, 450–451
Evidence-based psychotherapy,
561–562
Evolutionary psychology. See also
Biological factors
on causes of depression, 523
defi nition of, 7 f , 8, 73
nervous system evolutionary 
foundations studied by,
73–75
Excitatory message, 66
Excitement phase, 359
Experiment, defi nition of, 41
Experimental bias, 53–55
Experimental groups
defi nition of, 41
depiction of drug propranolol 
testing, 44 f
Experimental manipulation, 41
Experimental psychologist, 6
Experimental psychology
defi nition of, 6, 7 f
research approach of, 41–46
Experimental research
compared to other methods, 45 f
description of, 41
experimental and control groups 
used in, 41–42
independent and dependent vari-
ables studied, in, 42
Latané and Darley’s bystander,
41–46 f
random assignment of participants 
in, 42–44
replication of, 46
treatment during, 41–42
Experimenter expectations, 53
Explicit memory, 224–225
Exploring diversity. See also
Culture; Racial/ethnicity 
differences
attribution biases in cultural con-
text, 587–588
bilingual education, 271–272
cross-cultural altered states of 
consciousness, 157
cross-cultural differences in mem-
ory, 229–230
culture of DSM, 538–539
culture-fair IQ test, 30
expression of emotions and,
335 f –336
female circumcision, 360
how learning is infl uenced by cul-
ture, 202–203
international promotion of smok-
ing, 490
interplay of biology and environ-
ment, 90–91
psychotherapy consideration of 
race and ethnic factors, 562
rites of passage around the 
world, 420
understanding how culture, 
ethnicity, and race infl uence 
behavior, 25–26
Exposure treatments, 550
Expressed emotion, 528
Extinction, 179 f –180
Extramarital sex, 367
Extrasensory perception (ESP), 135
Extraversion, 449 f
Extrinsic motivation, 313
Eyes. See also Vision
accommodation by, 106
basic cells of, 107 f
binocular disparity of left and 
right, 129
light response by, 105 f –106
optic nerve of, 107 f –108, 109 f
retina of the, 106
sending message to the brain 
from, 106–108
Eyewitnesses memory
children’s reliability as, 228
memory-related errors of, 227–228
recollection of speed in car acci-
dent, 228 f
repressed and false memo-
ries, 228–229
F 
Faceblindness, 98
Facebook, 606
Facial expressions
facial-feedback hypothesis on,
336
smiling athletes, 337
Facial-affect program, 336
Facial-feedback hypothesis, 336
Factor analysis, 449
Fallingwater (Frank Lloyd 
Wright), 263
False memories, 228–229
Familial retardation, 296
Family therapy, 559
Fathers, 399–400
“Fearless Peer” model, 551
Feature detection, 109
Feelings. See also Emotions
angry, 608–610, 613
happiness, 495–498 f
labeling our, 329–330 f
love, 605–607 f
Female circumcision, 360
Fertilization
genetics of, 387 f
IVF (In vitro fertilization), 392
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 296, 391
Fetus
age of viability, 388–389
defi nition of, 388
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