Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

hypothesis

 
A prediction, stemming from a 
theory, stated in a way that allows it to be 
tested (Module 4).

id

 
The raw, unorganized, inborn part of person-
ality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension 
created by primitive drives related to hunger, 
sex, aggression, and irrational impulses 
(Module 40).

identical twins

 
Twins who are genetically 
identical (Module 35).

identifi cation

 
The process of wanting to be like 
another person as much as possible, imitating 
that person’s behavior and adopting similar 
beliefs and values (Module 40).

identity

 
The distinguishing character of the 
individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, 
and what we are capable of (Module 38).

identity-versus-role-confusion stage

 
Accord-
ing to Erikson, a time in adolescence of major 
testing to determine one’s unique qualities 
(Module 38).

implicit memory

 
Memories of which people 
are not consciously aware but that can affect 
subsequent performance and behavior 
(Module 21).

incentive approaches to motivation

 
Theories 
suggesting that motivation stems from the 
desire to obtain valued external goals, or incen-
tives (Module 29).

independent variable

 
The variable that is 
manipulated by an experimenter (Module 5).
industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
The branch of psychology focusing on work- 
and job-related issues, including worker moti-
vation, satisfaction, safety, and productivity 
(Module 53).