X
Xanax, 565 f , 567
Z
Pdf ko'rish bet 1061/1061 Sana 20.04.2022 Hajmi 40,03 Mb. #564621
Bog'liq
Understanding Psychology
X
Xanax, 565
f , 567
Z
Zone of Proximal development (ZPD),
409
f –410
Zygote, 388
Zygote
intrafallopian transfer
(ZIFT), 392
feL82795_sndx_I15-I26.indd Page I-26 8/23/10 5:19 PM user-f465
feL82795_sndx_I15-I26.indd Page I-26 8/23/10 5:19 PM user-f465
/Users/user-f465/Desktop
/Users/user-f465/Desktop
Document Outline Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication About the Author Brief Contents Contents Preface Making the Grade CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Psychology MODULE 1 Psychologists at Work The Subfields of Psychology: Psychology’s Family Tree Working at Psychology PSYCHWORK: Licensed Social Worker MODULE 2 A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future The Roots of Psychology Today’s Perspectives APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Psychology Matters MODULE 3 Psychology’s Key Issues and Controversies EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Understanding How Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Influence Behavior Psychology’s Future BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Thinking Critically About Psychology: Distinguishing Legitimate Psychology from Pseudo-Psychology CHAPTER 2 Psychological Research MODULE 4 The Scientific Method Theories: Specifying Broad Explanations Hypotheses: Crafting Testable Predictions MODULE 5 Conducting Psychological Research Archival Research Naturalistic Observation Survey Research The Case Study Correlational Research Experimental Research APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Testing the Value of Self-Affirmations: Am I Lovable Because I Tell Myself I’m Lovable? MODULE 6 Critical Research Issues The Ethics of Research EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Choosing Participants Who Represent the Scope of Human Behavior NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: The Importance of Using Representative Participants Should Animals Be Used in Research? Threats to Experimental Validity: Avoiding Experimental Bias BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Thinking Critically About Research CHAPTER 3 Neuroscience and Behavior MODULE 7 Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior The Structure of the Neuron How Neurons Fire Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap Neurotransmitters: Multitalented Chemical Couriers MODULE 8 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating Within the Body The Nervous System: Linking Neurons The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous System The Endocrine System: Of Chemicals and Glands MODULE 9 The Brain Studying the Brain’s Structure and Functions: Spying on the Brain The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Mind Over Cursor: Harnessing Brainpower to Improve Lives The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain” PSYCHWORK: Rehabilitation Counselor Neuroplasticity and the Brain NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: The Plastic Brain The Specialization of the Hemispheres: Two Brains or One? EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Human Diversity and the Brain The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Learning to Control Your Heart—and Mind—Through Biofeedback CHAPTER 4 Sensation and Perception MODULE 10 Sensing the World Around Us Absolute Thresholds: Detecting What’s Out There APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Driven to Distraction Difference Thresholds: Noticing Distinctions Between Stimuli Sensory Adaptation: Turning Down Our Responses MODULE 11 Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye Illuminating the Structure of the Eye NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Seeing Vision in the Brain Color Vision and Color Blindness: The 7-Million-Color Spectrum MODULE 12 Hearing and the Other Senses Sensing Sound Smell and Taste The Skin Senses: Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Managing Pain How Our Senses Interact MODULE 13 Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World The Gestalt Laws of Organization Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Depth Perception: Translating 2-D to 3-D Perceptual Constancy Motion Perception: As the World Turns Perceptual Illusions: The Deceptions of Perceptions EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Culture and Perception CHAPTER 5 States of Consciousness MODULE 14 Sleep and Dreams The Stages of Sleep REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Let Me Sleep on It: The Role of Sleep in Memory and Thinking Why Do We Sleep, and How Much Sleep Is Necessary? NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Why Are You Cranky? Your Brain Is Too Awake The Function and Meaning of Dreaming Sleep Disturbances: Slumbering Problems PSYCHWORK: Sleep Technologist Circadian Rhythms: Life Cycles Daydreams: Dreams Without Sleep BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Sleeping Better MODULE 15 Hypnosis and Meditation Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience? Meditation: Regulating Our Own State of Consciousness EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Cross-Cultural Routes to Altered States of Consciousness MODULE 16 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness Stimulants: Drug Highs Depressants: Drug Lows Narcotics: Relieving Pain and Anxiety BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Identifying Drug and Alcohol Problems CHAPTER 6 Learning MODULE 17 Classical Conditioning The Basics of Classical Conditioning Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Extinction Generalization and Discrimination Beyond Traditional Classical Conditioning: Challenging Basic Assumptions MODULE 18 Operant Conditioning Thorndike’s Law of Effect The Basics of Operant Conditioning APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Dollars for Scholars: Should Parents and Children Be Paid for Doing the Right Thing? PSYCHWORK: Seeing Eye Guide Dog Trainer BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Using Behavior Analysis and Behavior Modification MODULE 19 Cognitive Approaches to Learning Latent Learning Observational Learning: Learning Through Imitation NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Learning Through Observation EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Does Culture Influence How We Learn? CHAPTER 7 Memory MODULE 20 The Foundations of Memory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Working Memory Long-Term Memory NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Experience, Memory, and the Brain APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: In Pursuit of a Memory Eraser MODULE 21 Recalling Long-Term Memories Retrieval Cues Levels of Processing Explicit and Implicit Memory Flashbulb Memories Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Are There Cross-Cultural Differences in Memory? MODULE 22 Forgetting: When Memory Fails Why We Forget Proactive and Retroactive Interference: The Before and After of Forgetting Memory Dysfunctions: Afflictions of Forgetting NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Alzheimer’s Disease and Brain Deterioration BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Improving Your Memory CHAPTER 8 Cognition and Language MODULE 23 Thinking and Reasoning Mental Images: Examining the Mind’s Eye Concepts: Categorizing the World NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: How We Learn to Categorize Our World Using Concepts Reasoning: Making Up Your Mind Computers and Problem Solving: Searching for Artificial Intelligence MODULE 24 Problem Solving Preparation: Understanding and Diagnosing Problems Production: Generating Solutions Judgment: Evaluating Solutions APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: The Thoughts Behind Avoiding Danger: When Hunches Save Lives Impediments to Solutions: Why Is Problem Solving Such a Problem? Creativity and Problem Solving BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Thinking Critically and Creatively MODULE 25 Language Grammar: Language’s Language Language Development: Developing a Way with Words The Influence of Language on Thinking: Do Eskimos Have More Words for Snow than Texans Do? Do Animals Use Language? EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Teaching with Linguistic Variety: Bilingual Education NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Bilingualism and the Brain CHAPTER 9 Intelligence MODULE 26 What Is Intelligence? Theories of Intelligence: Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? The Biological Basis of Intelligence NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Your Intelligent Brain Practical and Emotional Intelligence: Toward a More Intelligent View of Intelligence APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Artificial Intelligence: Building a Smarter Robot Assessing Intelligence Adaptive Testing: Using Computers to Assess Performance BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Scoring Better on Standardized Tests MODULE 27 Variations in Intellectual Ability Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disabilities) PSYCHWORK: Director of Special Education The Intellectually Gifted MODULE 28 Group Differences in Intelligence: Genetic and Environmental Determinants EXPLORING DIVERSITY: The Relative Influence of Genetics and Environment: Nature, Nurture, and IQ CHAPTER 10 Motivation and Emotion MODULE 29 Explaining Motivation Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs Applying the Different Approaches to Motivation MODULE 30 Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Social Factors in Eating PSYCHWORK: Nutritionist Eating Disorders NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Cognitive Processing in Anorexic Patients BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Dieting and Losing Weight Successfully The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success The Need for Affiliation: Striving for Friendship The Need for Power: Striving for Impact on Others MODULE 31 Understanding Emotional Experiences The Functions of Emotions Determining the Range of Emotions: Labeling Our Feelings The Roots of Emotions EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Do People in All Cultures Express Emotion Similarly? APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Smiling Athletes: Do Their Facial Expressions Come Naturally? CHAPTER 11 Sexuality and Gender MODULE 32 Gender and Sex Gender Roles: Society’s Expectations for Women and Men Sexism on the Job Gender Differences: More Similar than Dissimilar NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: When Brain and Socialization Meet Sources of Gender Differences: Where Biology and Society Meet APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Trucks and Dolls: Does Fetal Exposure to Testosterone Affect How Children Play? MODULE 33 Understanding Human Sexual Response: The Facts of Life The Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior Psychological Aspects of Sexual Excitement: What Turns People On? The Phases of Sexual Response: The Ups and Downs of Sex EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Female Circumcision: A Celebration of Culture—or Genital Mutilation? MODULE 34 The Diversity of Sexual Behavior Approaches to Sexual Normality Surveying Sexual Behavior: What’s Happening Behind Closed Doors? Heterosexuality Homosexuality and Bisexuality Transsexualism Sexual Difficulties BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Lowering the Risks of Date Rape CHAPTER 12 Development MODULE 35 Nature and Nurture: The Enduring Developmental Issue Determining the Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture Developmental Research Techniques MODULE 36 Prenatal Development: Conception to Birth The Basics of Genetics The Earliest Development MODULE 37 Infancy and Childhood The Extraordinary Newborn NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Young Infants Recognize Emotions Early in Life Infancy Through Childhood PSYCHWORK: Child Protection Caseworker MODULE 38 Adolescence: Becoming an Adult Physical Development: The Changing Adolescent Moral and Cognitive Development: Distinguishing Right from Wrong Social Development: Finding One’s Self in a Social World EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Rites of Passage: Coming of Age Around the World MODULE 39 Adulthood Physical Development: The Peak of Health Social Development: Working at Life Marriage, Children, and Divorce: Family Ties Changing Roles of Men and Women The Later Years of Life: Growing Old Physical Changes in Late Adulthood: The Aging Body Cognitive Changes: Thinking About—and During—Late Adulthood APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Gaming in Late Adulthood: How Video Games May Improve Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Adjusting to Death CHAPTER 13 Personality MODULE 40 Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud MODULE 41 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Judged at First Sight Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality? NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Wired for Thrills—The Biological Underpinnings of Personality Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You Comparing Approaches to Personality MODULE 42 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Should Race and Ethnicity Be Used to Establish Norms? Self-Report Measures of Personality Projective Methods Behavioral Assessment PSYCHWORK: Human Resources Manager BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Assessing Personality Assessments CHAPTER 14 Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-Being MODULE 43 Stress and Coping Stress: Reacting to Threat and Challenge The High Cost of Stress Coping with Stress NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Stress and Social Support BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Effective Coping Strategies MODULE 44 Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being The As, Bs, and Ds of Coronary Heart Disease Psychological Aspects of Cancer Smoking NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Smoking—Why It’s So Difficult to Quit EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Hucksters of Death: Promoting Smoking Throughout the World MODULE 45 Promoting Health and Wellness Following Medical Advice Well-Being and Happiness APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Catching Happiness: The Contagion of Emotions and Health CHAPTER 15 Psychological Disorders MODULE 46 Normal Versus Abnormal: Making the Distinction Defining Abnormality Perspectives on Abnormality: From Superstition to Science Classifying Abnormal Behavior: The ABCs of DSM MODULE 47 The Major Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: One Step Closer to Understanding OCD Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: Brain Changes with Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Childhood Disorders Other Disorders MODULE 48 Psychological Disorders in Perspective The Social and Cultural Context of Psychological Disorders APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21st CENTURY: Students Stressed and Depressed Exploring Diversity: DSM and Culture—and the Culture of DSM BECOMING AN INFORMED CONSUMER OF PSYCHOLOGY: Deciding When You Need Help CHAPTER 16 Treatment of Psychological Disorders MODULE 49 Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment Psychodynamic Approaches to Therapy Behavioral Approaches to Therapy NEUROSCIENCE IN YOUR LIFE: How Behavioral Therapy Changes Your Brain Cognitive Approaches to Therapy MODULE 50 Psychotherapy: Humanistic, Interpersonal, and Group Approaches to Treatment Humanistic Therapy PSYCHWORK: Case Manager and Substance Abuse Counselor Interpersonal Therapy Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Self-Help Groups Evaluating Psychotherapy: Does Therapy Work? EXPLORING DIVERSITY: Racial and EthDo'stlaringiz bilan baham:
