Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

 
 
 S 
Safer sex practices, 373
St. John’s wort, 566
Same-sex marriages, 363
Sample (population), A-14
Scaffolding, 410
Schachter-Singer theory of emo-
tions, 332 f –333
Schedules of reinforcement
continuous, 189
defi nition of, 189
fi xed-interval, 190 f –191
fi xed-ratio, 189–190 f
partial (or intermittent), 189
variable-interval, 190
variable-ratio, 190 f
Schemas. See also Information
gender, 354
social cognition for creating, 583
stored in memory, 226–227
Schizophrenia
biological causes of, 526–527
brain changes with, 528 f
characteristics of, 524–526
defi nition of, 524
dopamine relationship to, 68
DSM-IV-TR two classifi cations 
of, 526
environmental perspectives 
on, 528
multiple causes of, 529
predisposition model of, 529
risk based on genetic related-
ness, 527 f
Rosenhan’s study on pretending 
symptoms of, 510
Type I and Type II, 526
types of, 525 f
unusual art created by individual 
with, 526 f
Schools. See also Education
integrating individuals with men-
tal retardation, 296–297
sexual harassment reports from 
students, 347 f
special education, 296–297
stereotype vulnerability of minor-
ity students in, 602
Science and Human Behavior
(Skinner), 17 f
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I-24 Subject 
Index
Scientifi c method. See also Research
defi nition of, 33
hypotheses used as part of the, 35
illustrated diagram of, 33 f
Latané and Darley’s bystander 
study as illustrating, 41–46 f
theories used as part of the, 34–35
Seasonal affective disorder, 151
Seconal, 162 f , 167
“Second shift,” 426
Secondary drives, 310
Secondary reinforcers, 185
Secondary traits, 449
Seeing eye guide dog trainer, 192
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 
(SSRIs), 565, 566 f
Self-actualization, 314 f , 458 f
Self-affi rmations testing, 47 f
Self-defeating personality disor-
der, 535–536
Self-determination theory, 315
Self-effi cacy
defi nition of, 452
as personality approach, 452
Self-esteem
cycles of, 453 f
defi nition of, 453
gender differences related to,
348–349 f
group membership to maximize 
sense of, 599
happiness related to, 495–496
Self-fulfi lling prophecy, 598
Self-help therapy, 559
Self-service bias, 587
Semantic memory, 215, 216 f
Semantic networks of memory,
216–217 f
Semantics, 266
Semicircular canals, 115 f , 117–118
Sensations
defi nition of, 99
Do You Seek Out Sensation? 
quiz, 312 f
incentive approaches to motiva-
tion and, 311–313, 315 f
Sense of balance, 117–118
Senses
hearing, 114–118
How Sensitive Are You? test 
on, 100 f
neonates (newborns) development 
of the, 394–395 f
smell, 118–119
synesthesia condition of interact-
ing, 123–124 f
taste, 119–120 f
touch, pressure, temperature, and 
pain, 120–123
vision, 104–112 f
sensitive period, 389
Sensorimotor stage, 405 f
Sensory adaptation, 102
Sensory (afferent) neurons, 72
Sensory area of cortex, 86–87
Sensory memory
defi nition of, 210
three-stage model of memory 
and, 210 f –211
September 11th, 2001, 225, 474 f
Sequential research, 384
Serial position effect, 215
Serotonin, 67 f , 68
Sex differences. See Gender differences
Sexism
benevolent, 347
defi nition of, 343
on the job, 345 f –347 f
sexual harassment as, 346–347 f
Sexual arousal disorders, 531
Sexual behavior. See also Behavior
basic biology of, 356–357 f
diversity of, 362–375
marijuana use affecting, 168
phases of sexual response, 358–359 f
pheromones signaling interest, 119
physiological aspects of sexual 
excitement, 358
safer sex practices, 373
Sexual behavior diversity
approaches to sexual normal-
ity, 363–364
heterosexuality, 365–367
historic changes in, 362
homosexuality and bisexual-
ity, 367–369
masturbation, 362, 364–365 f
transsexualism, 369–370