Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

R E C A P / E V A L U A T E / R E T H I N K
R E C A P 
How does motivation direct and energize behavior?
• Motivation relates to the factors that direct and energize 
behavior. (p. 309)
• Drive is the motivational tension that energizes behavior 
to fulfi ll a need. (p. 310)
• Homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state, 
often underlies motivational drives. (p. 310)
• Arousal approaches suggest that we try to maintain a 
particular level of stimulation and activity. (p. 311)
• Incentive approaches focus on the positive aspects 
of the environment that direct and energize behavior. 
(p. 311)
• Cognitive approaches focus on the role of thoughts, 
expectations, and understanding of the world in 
producing motivation. (p. 313)
• Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that there are fi ve basic 
needs: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, 
esteem, and self-actualization. Only after the more basic 
needs are fulfi lled can a person move toward meeting 
higher-order needs. (p. 314)
E VA LU AT E
1.
are forces that guide a person’s behavior in a 
certain direction.
2. Biologically determined, inborn patterns of behavior are 
known as 
.
3. Your psychology professor tells you, “Explaining behavior 
is easy! When we lack something, we are motivated to get 
it.” Which approach to motivation does your professor 
subscribe to?
4. By drinking water after running a marathon, a runner 
tries to keep his or her body at an optimal level of 
functioning. This process is called 
.
5. I help an elderly person cross the street because doing a 
good deed makes me feel good. What type of motivation 
is at work here? What type of motivation would be at 
work if I were to help an elderly man across the street 
because he paid me $20?