something that is very different from their general usage involving intricate
sociolinguistic norms governing communication (see, e.g., the discussion
on Hymes’ SPEAKING acronym in chap. 1, this volume). The term
interaction
or
negotiation
or
negotiated interaction
generally refers to conversational ex-
changes that arise when participants try to accommodate potential or actual
problems of understanding, using strategies such as comprehension checks
or clarification checks. Such an exercise is also perceived to promote the
learners’ processing capacity specifically by helping them with conscious no-
ticing required to convert input into intake (Gass, 1997; Long, 1996).
Characterizing such a definition of interaction as limited and limiting, I
have argued elsewhere (Kumaravadivelu, 2003a) that it is beneficial to iso-
late three interrelated dimensions of interaction and have discussed them
using, although it is a little bit of a stretch, Halliday’s macrofunctions of lan-
guage: textual, interpersonal, and ideational (see chap. 1, this volume, for
details). I have suggested that in the context of classroom communication,
we should actually talk about interaction as a textual activity, interaction as
an interpersonal activity, and interaction as an ideational activity. The first
refers to the linguistic realizations that create coherent written or spoken
texts that fit a particular interactional event, enabling L2 learners and their
interlocutors to understand the message as intended. Specifically, it focuses
on syntactic and semantic conversational signals, and its outcome is meas-
ured primarily in terms of linguistic knowledge/ability. The second refers
to the participants’ potential to establish and maintain social relationships
and have interpersonal encounters, and its outcome is measured in terms
of personal rapport created in the classroom. The third refers to an expres-
sion of one’s self-identity based on one’s experience of the real or imagi-
nary world in and outside the classroom. Specifically, it focuses on ideas
and emotions the participants bring with them, and its outcome is meas-
ured primarily in terms of pragmatic knowledge/ability. By introducing
such a tripartite division, I am not suggesting that the three dimensions are
equal or separate. Any successful interactional activity will mark the realiza-
tion of all three dimensions in varying degrees of sophistication. This divi-
sion is principally for ease of description and discussion. It is fair to say that
so far, L2 interactional research has focused largely on interaction as a tex-
tual activity, and to some extent on interaction as interpersonal activity. It
has almost completely ignored interaction as an ideational activity. Let us
briefly consider each of them.
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