Translation of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms

Antonyms

Antonyms are words which belong to the same part of speech and have contrary meanings. Ex. Kind – cruel, big – small .

Antonyms may be divided into:1) root antonyms : good – bad, beautiful – ugly, old – young.

2) derivational antonyms. These antonyms are formed by affixes. Ex. Kind- unkind, to like – dislike. Antonyms are not always interchangeable in certain contexts. Ex. “rich voice” . The opposite of a short is tall person. A short thing – long thing, an old book - a new book, an old man - ayoung man.

Antonyms may be found among qualitative adjectives as: good – bad, deep – shallow, nouns as : light - darkness; verbs “to give” and ”to take”. Adverbs as quickly and slowly.

Antonymous translation is a complex lexico – grammatical substitution of a positive construction for a negative one, which is coupled with a replacement of a word by its antonym when translated.

Keep off grass – Maysa ustidan yurmang.

Take it easy –Hayajonlanavermang.

Neologisms.
Neologisms is any word which is formed according to the productive structural patterns or borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers as something new. So neologisms are newly coined words or phrase or anew meaning for an existingword aword borrowed from another language .As a result of the developmentof science and industry many new words are appeared in the language.Ex. isotope, tape - recorder, supermarket , V- day.

Neologisms may be divided into:

1. 
   root words: Jeep – a small light motor vehicle, zebra – street crossing place.
   
2. 
   Derived words : Ex. Collaborationist – one who in occupied territory works helpfully with the enemy.
   
3. 
   Compound Ex. Space – rocket, air – drop.
   

Archaic words

Words which are non used generally are called archaisms. Archaisms are used in poetic vocabulary.

Ex. Steed (horse), slay(kill), welkin (sky)

Archaisms should be distinguished from historical reality and commonly used in modern English.

Ex.cannon – ball, chain – mail.

Speech also expresses the speakers attitude to what he is talking about. The speaker may wish to warn, to influence people, to express his approval or disapproval. Words expressing emotion are called emotionally coloured words. Deminutive and derogatory affixes play an important role in Forming emotionally coloured words.

Ex. Daddy, kiddyniss, babykins, oldie, blackie.

In Uzbek: dadajon, singilginam, qizaloq, bo’taloq.

Interjections also express emotin without naming them:

Ah!, Hush!, Hell!, Nonsense!, Pooh!.

In Uzbek: voy, aylanay, eh.

The derogatory suffixes may form emotionally coloured words.

Ex. Bastard – внебрачный ребенок weakling – слабое существо

There are nons formed by conversion which are used emothionally coloured words:

A bare – скучный человек a washout – пропавший человек.