Transitive and intransitive verbs (o’timli va o’timsiz fe’llar)

Direct and Indirect (Reported) Speech

(Ko’chirma va o’zlashtirma gap)

1. Birovning gapini yana bir boshqa kishiga yetkazishning 2 usuli bor: Ko’chirma va o’zlashtirma gap shaklida: Tom said: “I am feeling ill”. (Ko’chirma gap). Tom dedi: “Men o’zimni kasal his qilyapman”. Tom said that he was feeling ill. (O’zlashtirma gap). Tom o’zini kasal his qilayotganini aytdi.

2. Ko’chirma gapni o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda, ikki nuqta, qo’shtirnoq va vergul tushib qoladi va that bog’lovchisi qo’yiladi. That “-ni” deb tarjima qilinadi: He says “He will come”. U deydi: “Jek keladi”. He says (that) Jack will come. U Jekni kelishini aytmoqda.

3. Agar ko’chirma gapda to say (demoq) fe’li to’ldiruvchisiz kelsa, ya’ni (me, you, them) larsiz kelib gapning kimga aytilayotganligi noma’lum bo’lsa, o’zlashtirma gapda ham to say fe’li saqlanib qoladi.

Agar to say (demoq) fe’li ko’chirma gapda to’ldiruvchi bilan ishlatilgan bo’lsa, o’zlashtirma gapda to tell (aytmoq) fe’liga o’zgaradi: She says: “He is talking”. U deydi: “U suhbatlashayapti”.

She says that he is talking. U uni suhbatlashayapti deydi.

She says to me: “He is talking”. U menga deydi: “U suhbatlashayapti”.

She tells me that he is talking. U menga uning suhbatlashayotganligini aytadi.

4. Ko’chirma gapdagi kishilik va egalik olmoshlari o’zlashtirma gapda o’zgaradi. I shaxs III shaxsga ya’ni, I – he yoki she ga o’zgaradi, II-shaxs esa I yoki III shaxsga ya’ni you – I, he , she ga o’zgaradi: