Transitive and intransitive verbs (o’timli va o’timsiz fe’llar)

The noun (Ot so’z turkumi) (78-79 unitlar)

Ot so’z turkumining quyidagi turlari mavjud:

1) The common nouns (turdosh otlar): a book, a pen, a tree, an animal.

2) The Proper nouns (Atoqli otlar): London, Tom, Jack.

3) The collective nouns (Jamlovchi otlar): family, crowd, army, people.

4) The material nouns (Moddiy otlar): water, gas, coal.

5) The abstract nouns (Mavhum otlar): love, freedom.

O’z o’rnida turdosh otlar (common nouns) yana ikkiga ajraladi: The countable nouns (Sanaladigan otlar) va The uncountable nouns (Sanalmaydigan otlar).

The countable nouns: a pen, a book, a hand, a tree, a flower.

The uncountable nouns: water, sugar, rice, snow, sand …

Number in nouns. Otlarda son (birlik va ko’plik)

1. Ingliz tilida ot so’z turkumiga kiruvchi so’zlarning ko’pligi, so’zning orqasiga “-s” qo’shimchasini qo’shish bilan yasaladi: a book – books, a tree – trees, hat – hats.

2. Agar so’zlar “ –s, -ss, -ch, -sh, -o, -x” harflari bilan tugasa ko’plikda so’z oxiriga “-es” qoshimchasi qo’shiladi: a watch – watches (qo’l soat), a class – classes (sinf), a fox – foxes (tulki), a dress – dresses (ko’ylak).

3. Agar otlar “-y” harfi bilan tugasa va shu harfdan oldingi harf undosh bo’lsa ko’plik shaklda “y” harfi “i” harfiga o’zgaradi va “-es” qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi: a city – cities (shaharlar), an army – armies (armiya).

4. Agar ot oxiridagi “y” harfidan oldin unli harf bo’lsa ko’plik shaklda “y” harfi o’zgarmaydi: a boy – boys (o’g’il bolalar), a toy – toys (o’yinchoqlar), a key – keys (kalitlar).

5. Agar ot “f” harfi bilan tugasa ko’plikda “f’ harfi “v” harfiga o’zgaradi va “-es” qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi: a leaf – leaves (barg - barglar), a wife – wives (xotin - xotinlar), a knife – knives (pichoq - pichoqlar).

Lekin ba’zi “f, fe” harflari bilan tugaydigan otlarning ko’pligida ham “f, fe” harflari o’zgarmaydi: a chief – chiefs (rahbar - rahbarlar), a roof – roofs (tom - tomlar), a safe – safes (seyf - seyflar).

. Ko’plikda ba’zi “o” harfi bilan tugaydigan otlarga “-s”, ba’zilariga esa “-es” qo’shiladi: negro – negroes (negrlar), hero – heroes (qahramonlar), photo – photos (rasmlar), potato potatoes (kartoshkalar).

8. Qo’shma otlarning ko’pligi o’sha so’zning asosiy ma’nosini ifodalaydigan qismiga ko’plik qo’shimchasini qo’shish orqali yasaladi: a custom-house – custom-houses (bojxonalar), passer-by – passers-by (yo’lovchi), mother-in-law – mothers-in-law (qaynona), schoolgirl – schoolgirls (o’quvchi qizlar).

9. Ba’zi otlarning ko’plik shaklini yasashda umumiy qoidaga amal qilinmaydi: man – men (erkak/lar), woman – women [wimin] (ayol/lar), child – children (bola/lar), mouse – mice (sichqon/lar), foot – feet (oyoq/lar), tooth – teeth (tish/lar), goose – geese (g’oz/lar), ox – oxen (ho’kiz/lar).