Tourism, Security and Safety From Theory to Practice

Appendix
The terror magnitude index employed in this study, based largely on Krakover
(2000), is as follows:
−
5
Peace treaty signed with the Palestinians
−
3
Peace treaty signed with Jordan
0
No terror event
1
Up to 10 persons injured outside main cities
2
From 10 to 19 injured and/or one killed
3
From 20 to 29 injured and/or 1 to 5 killed
4
From 30 to 59 injured and/or 6 to 15 killed
5
From 60 to 80 injured and/or 16 to 40 killed
6
Limited warfare across the border
7
Two or more terror events of security levels 3 to 5
8
A full-scale war between Israel and its neighbors
9
A war of regional or global concern
Data on the index were taken from the International Terrorism web site
(http://www.ict.org.il). The use of 
−
3 and 
−
5 values for the two peace treaties is
based on a judgment of the impact these treaties had on international press cover-
age of Israel. In a sensitivity analysis, equations (1) through (4) were re-estimated
using 
−
1 and 
−
2 rather than 
−
3 and 
−
5, respectively. These substitutions had a neg-
ligible effect on regression estimates.
Index values 1 through 5 include injuries or deaths of private citizens only.
Soldier casualties are excluded.
War, Terror, and the Tourism Market in Israel
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4
Fiji Islands: Rebuilding
Tourism in an Insecure 
World
Brian King and Tracy Berno
Learning Objectives
■
To understand both the short-term and long-term impacts of a particular type of
civil disturbance (a military coup) on tourism in a small island destination.
■
To understand the process of creating a tourism action group as a way of bringing
relevant parties together to overcome adversity.
■
To understand how military disturbances and coups d’état in particular impact
tourism flows and the tourism sector as a whole.
■
To understand the importance of crisis management strategies to destination man-
agement, and the need to adapt such strategies based on the experience of previous
crises (e.g., the 1987 military coup).
■
To have an improved understanding of the growing role of global and regional
media in alerting overseas markets to problems experienced at a destination and the
impacts of the problems.
■
To understand the key element of a crisis recovery strategy (CRS).
■
To be able to evaluate the relationship between destination image and positioning
to changes (both negative and positive) in the reputation of a destination.