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3. Complete the sentences using the words:
1 ice
2 substance, state
3 dissolve
4 water, as long as
5 more than half of
6 steam, dissolve
7 state
8 water
9 as long as, without
Task 4. Write the comparative and the superlative forms.
1 cheap - cheaper , the cheapest
2 small - smaller , the smallest
3 expensive - more expensive , the most expensive
4 tidy - tidier, tidiest
5 comfortable - more comfortable , the most comfortable
6 good - better , the best
7 nice - nicer , nicest
8 big - bigger , the biggest
9 interesting - more interesting , the most interesting
10 bad - worse , worst
LESSON 4 COMPUTER
1.Read the text and translate
A computer is really a very specific kind of a counting machine. It can do arithmetic problems faster than any person alive. By means of electric processes it finds the answer to a very difficult and complicated problem in a few seconds.
A computer can "remember" information you give it. It keeps the information in its "memory" until you need it. There are different kinds of computers. Some can do only one job. There are special-purpose computers. Each specific problem requires a specific computer. One kind of computer helps us build a spaceship, another kind helps us navigate it. A special-purpose computer is built for this purpose alone and cannot do anything else. But there are some computers that do many different jobs.
They are called the general-purpose computers. There are the big "brains" that solve the most difficult problems of science. We used to think of a computer as a large machine that took up a whole room. But today computers are becoming smaller and smaller. Though these small devices are called microcomputers or minicomputers, they are still true computers. The most important parts of the general-purpose computer are as follows: 1) memory, where information is kept; 2) an arithmetic unit for performing calculations, 3) a control unit for the correct order of operations; 4) input devices; 5) output devices for displaying the results of calculations. The input and output devices are called peripherals.
There are several advantages in making computers as small as one can. Sometimes weight is particularly important. A modern plane carries many heavy electronic apparatus. If it is possible to make any of them smaller, it can carry a bigger weight. But weight is not the only factor. The smaller the computer is, the faster it can work. The signals go to and for at a very high but almost constant speed.
Some of the first computer cost millions of dollars, but people quickly learned that it was cheaper to let a million dollar computer make the necessary calculations than to have a hundred clerks who try to do this by hand. Scientists found that computer made fewer mistakes and could fulfil the tasks much faster than almost any number of people by usual methods. The computers became popular. As their popularity grew the number of factories that produce them also grew.
Kompyuter, albatta, hisoblash mashinasining juda o'ziga xos turi. Har qanday tirik odamdan ko'ra arifmetik vazifalarni tezroq hal qilishi mumkin. Elektr jarayonlari bilan bir necha soniya ichida juda murakkab va murakkab muammolarga javob topadi.
Kompyuter sizga bergan ma'lumotni "eslab qolishi" mumkin. Sizga kerak bo'lmaguncha, u "xotirada" ma'lumotni saqlaydi. Turli xil kompyuterlar mavjud. Ba'zilar faqat bitta ishni bajarishlari mumkin. Maxsus maqsadli kompyuterlar mavjud. Har bir muayyan muammo uchun ma'lum bir kompyuter talab qilinadi. Kompyuterning bir turi bizni kosmik kemani qurishga yordam beradi, boshqa turdagi bizni boshqarishga yordam beradi. Maxsus maqsadli kompyuter faqat shu maqsadda yaratilgan va boshqa hech narsa qila olmaydi. Biroq, turli xil vazifalarni bajaradigan ba'zi kompyuterlar mavjud.
Ular umumiy maqsadli kompyuterlar deb ataladi. Ilm-fanning eng murakkab muammolarini hal qiladigan katta "miyalar" mavjud. Biz kompyuterni butun xonani egallagan katta mashina deb o'ylashga odatlanganmiz. Ammo bugungi kunda kompyuterlar kichikroq va kichikroq. Ushbu kichik qurilmalar mikrokompyuterlar yoki minicompyuterlar deb nomlangan bo'lsa-da, ular hali ham haqiqiy kompyuterlardir. Umumiy maqsadli kompyuterning eng muhim qismlari quyidagilardir: 1) ma'lumot saqlanadigan xotira; 2) hisob-kitoblarni bajarish uchun arifmetik blok, 3) operatsiyalarning to'g'ri tartibi uchun boshqaruv bloki; 4) kirish qurilmalari; 5) hisoblash natijalarini ko'rsatish uchun chiqish qurilmalari. Kirish va chiqish qurilmalari atrof-muhit birliklari deb ataladi.
Kompyuterlar iloji boricha kam qilish uchun bir necha afzalliklari bor. Ba'zan vazn ayniqsa muhimdir. Zamonaviy samolyot juda ko'p og'ir elektron uskunalarni olib yuradi. Agar ulardan birini kamroq qilsangiz, u ko'proq vaznga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Ammo vazn yagona omil emas. Kompyuter qanchalik kichik bo'lsa, u tezroq ishlaydi. Signallar juda yuqori, ammo deyarli doimiy tezlikda keladi va keladi.
Birinchi kompyuterlar ba'zi millionlab dollar qiymati bor, lekin odamlar tez kompyuter bir million dollar qiymat qo'lda buni qilishga harakat qilmoqda, deb yuz mansabdor ega ko'ra zarur hisob-kitoblarni ishlab chiqarish uchun ruxsat berish uchun arzon, deb tushundi. Olimlar kompyuterning kamroq xatolarga yo'l qo'yganligini va odatdagi usullar bilan deyarli har qanday odamga qaraganda vazifalarni tezroq bajarishi mumkinligini aniqladilar. Kompyuterlar mashhur bo'ldi. Ularning mashhurligi oshgani sayin, ularni ishlab chiqaradigan zavodlar soni ham oshdi.
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