Тошкент-2021 3 Апрель 2021 10-қисм Тошкент апрель 2021 йил. Тошкент: «Tadqiqot»

Key words: 
teaching methods, cognitive activity, illustrative method.
The nature of cognitive activity is the level of mental activity of students. According to 
this classification, the following teaching methods are distinguished: explanatory-illustrative 
(information-receptive), reproductive, problem presentation, partial search (heuristic) and 
research. The essence of the explanatory-illustrative method lies in the fact that the teacher 
communicates ready-made information by various means, and the students perceive it, realize 
it and fix it in memory. The reproductive method assumes that the teacher communicates, 
explains the information in a finished form, and the students assimilate it and can reproduce it as 
instructed by the teacher. The criterion for assimilation is the correct reproduction (reproduction) 
of knowledge. The main advantage of the reproductive method, as well as of the explanatory 
and illustrative method, is economy. This method provides the ability to transfer a significant 
amount of knowledge and skills in the shortest possible time and with little effort. The strength 
of knowledge, due to the possibility of their multiple repetition, can be significant. Both methods 
are characterized by the fact that they enrich knowledge, skills, form special mental operations, 
but do not guarantee the development of students’ creative abilities. 
Moreover, these views reflect either the own opinions of the participants in the discussion, or 
are based on the opinions of others. The main function of educational discussion is to stimulate 
cognitive interest. With the help of the discussion, its participants acquire new knowledge, 
strengthen in their own opinion, learn to defend their position, reckon with the views of others. 
The main advantage of this method is the ability for the student at an accessible pace and at a 
convenient time to repeatedly refer to educational information. There are a number of techniques 
for independent work with printed sources:
• note-taking - a short note, a summary of the content of what you read. Distinguish between 
continuous, selective, complete and short note-taking. You can outline the material from the first 
(from yourself) or third person. It is preferable to take notes in the first person, since in this case 
independence of thinking develops better;
• thesis - a summary of the main ideas in a certain sequence;
• abstracting - a review of a number of sources on the topic with their own assessment of their 
content and form;
• drafting a text plan - breaking the text into parts and heading each of them; the plan can be 
simple or complex;
• quotation - a verbatim excerpt from the text. With this method of work, the following conditions 
must be observed: to quote correctly, without distorting the meaning; provide an accurate record of 
the imprint (author, title of work, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, page);
• reviewing - writing a review, ie. a short review of what you read with an expression of your 
attitude towards it;
• drawing up a certificate. Help - information about something obtained as a result of searches. 
References are biographical, statistical, geographic, terminological, etc.;
• drawing up a formal-logical model - a verbal and schematic image of what has been read;
• compilation of a thematic thesaurus - an ordered set of basic concepts on a topic, section or 
the entire discipline;
• compilation of a matrix of ideas (lattice of ideas, repertoire lattice) - compilation in the form 
of a table of comparative characteristics of homogeneous objects, phenomena in the works of 
different authors;
• pictographic recording - a wordless image.

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