Topic Object and importance of the science of General plant breeding and seed production

History of plant breeding

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   2. HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING In broad sense history of plant breeding can be divided into Four parts 1. Pre Mendelian era:- before 1900. 2. Mendelian era:- 1900 to 1920. 3. Post Mendelian era:- 1921 to 1950. 4. Modern era:- after 1950.
   
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   3.  1694: Camerarius of Germany first to demonstrate sex in plants and suggested crossing as a method to obtain new plant types. 1665: Robert Hooke(England): First described the cell and known as father of cell biology.  700 B.C.: Babylonians and Assyrians hand pollinate date palm artificially.  1000 B.C.: Domestication of all important food crops in the New World completed.  3000 B.C.: Domestication of all important food crops in the Old World completed.  9000 B.C.: First evidence of plant domestication in the hills above the Tigris River. 1. PRE MENDELIAN ERA:- The process of bringing a wild species under human management is referred to as Domestication.
   
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   4.  1766: Joseph Koelreuter of Germany demonstrated that hybrid offspring received traits from both parents and were intermediate in most traits observed and produced first scientific hybrid using tobacco. 1753: Linnaeus published “Species planetarium”. Binomial nomenclature of plant taxonomy officially begins with his general list of plant species.  1727: The first plant breeding company was established in France by the vilmorins and introduced the pedigree method of breeding.  1717: Thomas Fairchild: Developed first Inter specific hybrid between sweet William and Carnation Species of Dianthus popularly known as Fair Child’s mule. CONTINUE…..
   
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   5.  1859-89: Darwin: Published “Origin of species”, and noted inbreeding sterility and differences in reciprocal crosses. 1856: De Vilmorin: Further elaborated the concept of progeny test and used same in Sugarbeet.  1840-50: De Vilmorin (French Biologist): : progeny test in wheat, oat, and sugar-beet breeding.  1840: John Le Couteur: They developed the concept of progeny test and individual plant selection in cereals.  1823: Knight: Dominance, Recessiveness, and segregation observed in peas.  1819: Shirreff: Utilized pure line selection to develop a new oat cultivar (Released in 1824), and a new wheat cultivar (Released in 1832).  1800-1835: Knight T.A (English): First used Artificial Hybridization in Fruit Crops. CONTINUE…..
   
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   6.  1890: Rimpu (Sweden): First made inheritance cross between bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale), which later on gave birth to triticale. 1873: The work of Patrick Shireff was first published and He concluded that only the variation heritable nature responded to selections, and that there variation arose through ‘natural sports’ (= mutation) and by ‘natural hybridization’ (recombination during meiosis in the hybrids so produced).  1866: Mendel G.J (Austria): published his discoveries in “Experiments in plant hybridization”, cumulating in the formulation of laws of inheritance in garden pea and discovery of unit factors (genes). CONTINUE…..
   
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   7.  1908: Devenport, C.B: First proposed dominance hypothesis of heterosis. 1908–1909: Hardy of England and Weinberg of Germany developed the law of equilibrium of populations.  1903: Johannsen W.L: proposed the pureline theory that provided the genetic basis for Individual plant selection and also coined the terms Genotype, Phenotype and Pureline.  1900: Nilson, H (Swedish): Elaborated individual plant selection method in Sweden.  1900: De Varies (Holland) Correns (Germany) Tschermak (Austria) Rediscovered Mendel laws of inheritance independently. 2. MENDELIAN ERA:-
   
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   8.  1914: Shull, G.H: First used the term heterosis for hybrid vigour. 1910: Bruce, A.B. keable, F. and Pellew, C. Elaborated the dominance hypothesis of heterosis proposed by davenport.  1909: Nilsson-Ehle: Given the explanation of multiple factor hypothesis for Grain colour of Wheat by using a Pedigree breeding and Bulk breeding.  1909: Shull conducted extensive research to develop inbreds to produce hybrids use of F1 hybrids between inbreds in corn breeding.  1908: Shull, G.H (US) East, E.M (US) proposed over dominance hypothesis independently working with maize. CONTINUE… .
   
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   9.  1919: Hays, H.K. Garber, R.J Gave initial idea about recurrent selection. They first suggested use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation in maize. 1917: Jones developed first commercial hybrid maize and proposed dominance of linked gene hypothesis. CONTINUE….
   
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   10.  1928: Stadler, L.J (US): First used X-rays for induction of mutations in barley. 1927: Karpencheko developed first intergeneric hybrid between Radish and Cabbage in Russia.  1927: Muller produced mutations in fruit flies using x-rays.  1926: Vavilov, N.I: Identified 8 main centers and 3 sub centers of crop diversity. He also developed concept of parallel series of variation or law of homologous series of variation.  1926: Pioneer Hi-bred Corn Company established as first Seed Company.  1926: East, E.M and Mangelsdorf, A.J: First discovered gametophytic system of self incompatibility in Nicotiana sanderae.  1923: Sax: linkage between quantitative and qualitative traits in beans. 3. POST MENDELIAN ERA:-
   
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    11.  1940: Jenkins, M.T: Described the procedure of recurrent selection. 1939: Goulden, C.H: First suggested the use of single seed descent method for advancing segregating generations of self pollinating crops.  1936: East, E.M: Supported over dominance hypothesis of heterosis proposed by East and Shull in 1908.  1935: Nagahern proposed the origin of tetraploid species of Brassica using a triangle.  1935: Vavilov published the scientific basis of plant breeding.  1934: Dustin discovered colchicines.  1933: Rhoades: Discovered cytoplasmic male sterility in Maize. CONTINUE…..
    
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    12.  1950: McClintock discovered the Ac-Ds system of transposable elements. 1950: Hughes and Babcock: First discovered sporophytic system of self incompatibility in Crepis foetida.  1945: Hull, F.H: Coined the terms recurrent selection and overdominance working with maize.  1944: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty: Described the transforming principle and suggested that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary material. CONTINUE…. .
    
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    13.  1968: Donald: Developed the concept of crop ideotype in wheat. 1965: Graphius, J.E: First applied Single Seed Descent (SSD) method in oats.  1964: Borlaug, N.E: Developed high yielding semi dwarf varieties of wheat which resulted in green revolution.  1956: Flor: gene for gene hypothesis for host-parasite resistance.  1953: Watson, Crick, and Wilkins proposed a model for Double Helical Structure of DNA.  1953: Borlaug, N.E: First outlined the method of developing multilines in Wheat.  1952: Jensen, N.F: First suggested the use of multi lines in oats. 4. MODERN ERA:-
    
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    14.  1991: ICRISAT: Developed world’s first pigeon pea hybrid (ICPH 8) (GMS based) for commercial cultivation in India. 1987: Monsanto: Developed world’s transgenic cotton plant in USA.  1983: Fraley et al.: Development of first transgenic (Genetically engineered) plant tobacco in USA.  1976: Yuan Long Ping et al: Developed world’s first rice hybrid (CMS based) for commercial cultivation in China.  1970: Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the Recombinant DNA technology.  1970: Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution  1970: Patel, C.T: Developed world’s first cotton hybrid for commercial cultivation in India. CONTINUE…..
    
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    15.  2005: Govt. of India: Approved cultivation of some Bt cotton hybrids in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. 2004: Glyphosate Resistant Crop® wheat developed.  2002:Mahyco-Monsanto: Released three Bt Hybrids (MECH12, MECH16, MECH 184).  2001:Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act (PPVFRA).  1908: Monsanto, USA: Identification of traitor gene, which responds to specific brand of fertilizers and insecticides.  1997: Monsanto, USA: First identified terminator gene, which allows germination of seed for one generation only.  1996: Glyphosate Resistant Crop® soybean introduced.  1995: Bt corn developed.  1994: “FlavrSavr” tomato developed as first genetically modified food produced for the market by calgene company of California. CONTINUE…..
    
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    16.  1946: Name was changed Indian Agricultural Research Institute. 1936: Shifted to New Delhi.  1934: The buildings of the institute damaged in earthquake.  1905: The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute was established in Pusa, Bihar.  1901-05: Agricultural Colleges were established at Kanpur, Pune, Sabour, Llyalpur, Coimbatore.  1892: First scientist appointed in the Department. He was agricultural chemist.  1871: The Government of India created the Department of Agriculture. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING IN INDIA
    
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    17.  1961: The first hybrid maize varieties released by the project. ICAR initiated Coordinated projects for improvement of the other crops. 1960: First Agricultural University established at Pantnagar, Nainital, U.P.  1957: All India Coordinated maize improvement project was started with objective of exploiting heterosis.  1956: Project for intensification of regional research on cotton, oilseeds and millets (PIRRCOM) was initiated to intensify research on these crops located at 17 Different centres throughout the country.  1921: Indian Central Cotton Committee was established Notable researches on Breeding and cultivation of cotton. E.g.: 70 improved varieties of cotton.  1946: Name was change to Indian Council Agricultural Research.  1929: Imperial council of Agricultural Research was established in New Delhi. CONTINUE…. .
    
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    18.  1991: First pigeon pea hybrid (ICPH-8) was released from ICRISAT(Six Mandate Crop are Pearl millet, Sorghum, Pigeon pea, Chickpea, Finger millet, Groundnut), Hyderabad. 1971: One of the pioneer centre for research in India TNAU was established.  1965: First Bajra hybrid (HB-1) was released.  1964: First Sorghum Hybrid (CSH-1) was released.  1961: First Maize hybrid was released (Ganga1, Ganga101, Deccan and Ranjit). CONTINUE…. .
    
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    19. SOME INDIAN PLANT BREEDER Sr No. Scientists Contribution 1 T.S. Venkatraman An eminent sugarcane breeder, he transferred thick stem and high sugar contents from tropical noble cane (Saccharum officinanum) to North Indian Canes (Saccharum barberi). This process is known as Noblization of sugarcane. 2 B.P. Pal An eminent Wheat breeder, developed superior disease resistant varieties of wheat and also first director general of ICAR. 3 M.S. Swaminathan Responsible for green revolution in India, developed high yielding dwarf varieties of Wheat and Rice. 4 Pushkarnath A Famous potato breeder who developed several high yielding varieties of potato. He was the Director of CPRI, Shimala.
    
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    20. SOME INDIAN PLANT BREEDER Sr No. Scientists Contribution 5 N.G.P. Rao An eminent sorghum breeder who developed the world’s first hybrid of sorghum(CSH-1). 6 K. Ramaiah A renowned rice breeder. He developed several high yielding varieties of rice when he was the Director of CRRI, Cuttack. 7 K. Athwal Famous pearlmillet breeder. He worked in PAU, Ludhiana and developed several superior varieties. 8 Bosisen An eminent maize breeder. He Developed several varieties of maize for Hill region of Uttranchal 9 Dharampal Singh An eminent oil-seed breeder. He released several varieties of oil-seeds(Rapeseed and Mustard) from Kanpur. 10 C.T. Patel Famous cotton breeder who developed world’s first cotton hybrid(H-4) in 1970 known as FATHER of Hybrid Cotton. 11 V. Santhanam Famous cotton breeder.
    

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