Toefl exam Essentials

a. malnutrition
b. new diseases

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TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS
c. killing of Native Americans by Europeans
d. introduction of horses by Spanish
11. From the students’ comments, we can infer that
a. European settlement drastically changed Native Amer-
icans’ way of life.
b. European settlers found few inhabitants when they
arrived.
c. Europeans did not benefit from contact with Native
Americans.
d. Native Americans had one culture and language.
Questions 12 through 16 are based on the following mini-
lecture:
The Cuban Missile Crisis lasted only thirteen days. But those thir-
teen, terrifying days make up the world’s closest brush with the
threat of nuclear war. There were several events that unfolded
during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
First, on October 14, 1962, U.S. spy planes flying over Cuba
spotted Soviet missile installations under construction. The mis-
siles were intermediate- and medium-range; they could carry
nuclear weapons within the range of U.S. cities—putting the
people of New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles at risk. After con-
sidering a surprise air strike, President Kennedy decided to
announce a naval blockade of Cuba.
But before he began the naval blockade, Kennedy made a
worldwide radio and TV address on October 22. In the address,
he told the public about the discovery of the missiles and
demanded that the Soviet Union remove them. He said that the

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LISTENING
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United States would regard a missile attack from Cuba the same
as an attack from the Soviet Union, and that it would respond
accordingly. The days after the speech were tense. Kennedy
didn’t know how the Soviet Union would respond. Finally, after
thirteen days, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove
the missiles if the United States promised not to invade Cuba.
One interesting fact is that, unknown to the U.S. government
at the time, 40,000 Soviet soldiers were stationed in Cuba and
armed with nuclear weapons. This information has only come to
light recently when U.S. and Soviet files about the incident have
become declassified.
An ironic result of the crisis was that even though Khrushchev’s
actions helped protect the world from nuclear war, they made him
look weak to younger Soviet leaders. He was removed from power.