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Total Physical Response
TPR is an approach to teaching a second language, based on listening linked to physical activities which are designed to reinforce comprehension.
TPR is a method developed by Dr. James J. Asher to aid learning second languages.
The method relies on the assumption that when learning a second or additional language, that language is internalized through a process of code-breaking similar to first language development.
Students respond to commands that require physical movement.
Successful second language learning should be a parallel process to child first language acquisition.
Appropriate activities can produce stress-free learning.
Learners are encourage to speak when they feel ready to speak.
Theory of language: a grammar based view of language; verb in ımperative form.
Theory of language learning: a stimulus-response view


COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING.
The late 1960s saw a shift in focus from the audio-lingual method and its prototypes to communicative language teaching, this shift evolved partly as a result of studies carried out by the council of Europe, which began to identify the language needed in a variety of social situations by someone integrating to Common Market countries. The studies sought to evaluate how language itself is used how native speakers of a language express themselves in various situations. The studies had a major impact on the teaching of English as a foreign language. The teachers and curriculum designers began to look at content, at the kind of language needed when greeting or shopping.
The emphasis on form, on explicitly learning grammar rules or practicing grammatical patterns, was downplayed in favorer’s needs when using the language in daily interaction.
There is no single text or authority on communicative language teaching. It’s make communication the goal of language teaching. Several models have evolved around this principle: the Communicative Approach. Total Physical Response, Natural approach, and competency based approach. These approaches overlap.