‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


If neither sector has succeeded, how do we achieve sustainable cities?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

If neither sector has succeeded, how do we achieve sustainable cities? 
We first need to recognize that we have a design problem. We can neither abandon cities, nor leave 
them the way they are – due to the waste and operating costs embodied in existing development.
About 90 per cent of the stock of extracted materials is now contained in the built environment.
We simply cannot replace cities with new ones, due to the material flows and waste that this would 
entail [Chapter 4]. We could, however, retrofit whole city blocks and suburbs to achieve net Positive 
Development without demolishing and replacing established areas. This is because even retrofitting 
for mere energy efficiency alone can pay for itself. Retrofitting would mean employment in design and 
construction, investments for business and developers, increased occupant productivity and health, 
and public savings through net reductions in energy use, greenhouse emissions and material flows.
In the process of adding social and economic value, we could create eco-productive environments 
that increase effective open space, biodiversity habitat and nature corridors to ensure ‘natural security’ 
and increase future social options. The bottom line is that, from a whole of life and resource flows 
perspective, eco-retrofitting is essential if cities are to become ecologically self-sufficient and self-
sustaining within the limits of natural resources. Yet economists and planners have not designed 
mechanisms that would allow it to happen – despite its proven financial benefits [Chapter 11].
Moreover, while cities ostensibly offer diversity, opportunity and choice, our planning and design 
norms have led to mono-cultural and sterile urban environments. We design cities as zoos for 
people.
But wouldn’t increased nature in cities reduce urban lifestyle choices?
Not at all. In fact, it is construction driven by industrial imperatives that often destroys the variety 
and diversity that cities have evolved over different periods. Consolidation approaches often betray 
a ‘social engineering’ ideology that assumes people should live in a certain way. Eco-retrofitting, in 
contrast, can preserve and increase difference and diversity, while adding ecological and social value.
For example, we can retrofit urban form and buildings to increase land-use intensity in some areas, 
while increasing total open space and access to natural and urban landscapes. After all, whether more 
people live in cities, suburbs or rural areas is not the main determinant of the sustainability of the 
built environment. The driver of choice, conviviality and life quality is the design of development.
Through eco-retrofitting, as opposed to bulldozing and densification, citizens could choose more 
sustainable and diverse lifestyles, either urban or suburban. Retrofitting would also demonstrate 
the wider lesson that governments, environmentalists and developers can have shared goals and 
solve environmental problems together, at a profit. This would help to dispel the belief that the 
environment is in irresolvable conflict with development. However, we need to create the institutional 
conditions that would enable eco-retrofitting – let alone ‘efficiency retrofitting’ – to occur. In lieu of a 
maze of regulations and incentives, governments, in partnership with non-government organizations 
(NGOs) and businesses, could create exemplars of Positive Development. However, governments 
have largely resisted such opportunities, seemingly on ideological and territorial grounds.
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