Why can’t we just design buildings using nature as a model?
An analogy can be used to explain why providing the conditions for eco-services is different from
using nature or ecosystems as a model for development. In the healthcare fields we have moved
(conceptually at least) from (a) alleviating symptoms to (b) curing illness to (c) preventing disease
to (d) programmes to
improve
health over the norm. If we simply design (lifeless) buildings to
function ‘like’ ecosystems, we may design zero waste or closed loop systems. But this approach is
stuck in stages (a) to (c). It makes no sense to bank on ‘cryogenic’ solutions or autonomous space
pods to escape unhealthy environments, when we can instead take steps to increase whole system
health and longevity. Drawing analogies between buildings and ecosystems, plants or other natural
systems can, of course, stimulate innovation. An example of a building technology ‘modelled’ on
nature is natural air-conditioning based on the principles of termite mound construction. Cool air
is drawn from a shaded or underground tunnel, and hot air rises through solar chimneys.
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This
principle has been used
for centuries in design. The danger of attaching such nature metaphors
to modern buildings, however, is that they can make mechanical systems seem greener than they
are. Living or working in buildings designed to be mechanical trees or termite mounds might be
an improvement over buildings designed as machines for living. They do not, however, allow for
increased native biodiversity, habitats, ecosystem functioning or human healing. They replace fertile
with sterile systems.
But isn’t eco-logical design often inspired by the imitation of natural systems?
Indeed, natural systems have been an inspiration for building design concepts and eco-innovations.
The current leading-edge green design metaphor is to design ‘buildings
as
ecosystems’. If buildings
were organisms or ecosystems (eg like a tree), they would theoretically be in balance with their
surroundings [Chapter 10]. There are a number of excellent books that indirectly suggest how
buildings can draw ideas from natural systems, such as
Biomimicry
by Benyus,
Wildsolutions
by
Beattie and Erlich and
The New Economy of Nature
by Daily and Ellison.
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These show how nature
could be a model for design. They do not, however, suggest how we might design development to
create the infrastructure for increasing nature’s goods and services. Nor do they look at the built
environment as a lever for systems change. Design for eco-services essentially means expanding
the capacity of natural systems to regenerate a deteriorating planet, by integrating ecosystems into
existing urban areas and structures. The only way we can create a ‘positive’ ecological footprint is to
design cities so that they not only function like ecosystems, but also enable ecosystems to flourish.
Using nature as a model does not necessarily achieve this. So we need to distinguish design for eco-
services from what is generally called ‘biomimicry’.
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Design for eco-services implies that we need
to design
for
nature (ie design for eco-services), as well as
with
nature (Living Machines) and
like
nature (biomimicry). After all, at the built environment level, hi-tech forms of biomimicry can be
less efficient than nature itself.
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Positive Development
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