‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Net positive systems
need not be physical development. An institutional eco-solution can create a 
lever for net positive gains at a whole systems scale, such as improvements in the supply or delivery 
of services, programmes, policies, products or other eco-innovations that convert cities, regions and 
nations from a fossil economy to a solar one. A transition to a ‘solar economy’ would, for example, 
help the ecological transformation of society as a whole and perhaps contribute to world peace and 
ecological security (through decentralization of power, universal access to the means of survival, 
etc). This category would enable urban, regional, state and/or national governments to compete in 
developing institutional means to promote Positive Development.
But how would we begin to design reversible development?
New concepts are usually required to dislodge old patterns of thought, habit and design methods.
Considerations like designed waste, the rebound effect, design for disassembly, hierarchies of eco-
innovation and so on can therefore play a part. The new analytical prisms that have been suggested, 
such as ET, RT, CI and EW analyses, are also supportive of eco-logical design. The hierarchy of eco-
innovations would prioritize investment in research and designs that reverse the resource transfers 
that are causing social inequities and resource imbalances in the first place. We have said that the 
transfers of resources that are most critical to sustainability over the long term are arguably those 


243
Reversing Resource Transfers
that alienate land, resources and space to special interest control and decision-making (whether in 
the public or private sector). Eco-services and access to resources are shrinking through the gradual 
transfer of land and resource control to corporate interests, as they operate above governments.
Privatization is not necessarily bad in itself, but such resource transfers and tradeoffs have not been 
subject to meaningful public oversight and accountability. We saw how environmental management, 
to an extent, can legitimize ‘piracy’ and unjust enrichment through ‘selective’ measurements and 
methods. The problem is even more conspicuous in the ‘developing’ world where, for example, some 
companies with access to minerals or oil rights in rainforests have destroyed whole rainforests and 
their populations’ livelihoods, despite impact assessments. In the ‘developed’ world, by contrast, the 
alienation of the means of survival to special interests tends to be through more incremental and less 
visible processes. This is all the more reason why planning must take into account resource transfers 
in terms of their influence on future decisions and democratic decision processes.

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