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Aren’t market signals the ‘quickest’ way to change investment activity?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Aren’t market signals the ‘quickest’ way to change investment activity?
Not always. Take the example of traffic congestion. There are two common disincentives to individual 
car travel: market instruments that increase costs and planning instruments that create inconvenience 
to drivers. Both are slow to have an impact. Meanwhile, car ownership, use and congestion are 
increasing. Research indicates it can take many years for people to respond to market signals.
18
The 
OECD has previously suggested a progressively increasing fuel tax to reduce driving. This would 
certainly be better than ‘no action’. However, it would not internalize the full social and environmental 
costs of cars and roads, and hence there would still be a hidden subsidy. As noted by Mark Diesendorf
subsidies to road and car parking in Australia are estimated at over AU$2000 million per year.
19
Moreover, while economic instruments may be necessary components, they can be just as difficult 
to enact and as expensive to administer as regulations, from a whole systems perspective [Chapter 
11]. ‘User pays’ systems that internalize the 
full
social costs of car transport would respect ‘consumer 
preferences’ while creating a more direct incentive. But accommodation of consumer preferences also 
requires public transport to be available and affordable to the blind, disabled, elderly, young or other 
groups with restricted choices. That is to say, everyone’s needs and preferences should be considered, 
not ‘averaged out’, as the market tends to do. Low-cost taxi systems for the disabled could, for example, 
provide this objective more cheaply and quickly overall than buses alone. Good design considers the 
diversity of users, whereas the market often ignores the needs of minorities.
20
Can design really be an alternative to both regulations and incentives?
Yes. Trying to change producer and/or consumer behaviour through incentives or regulations 
suggests we do not know what 
to
do, only what people should 
not
do. Relying on land-use regulation 
(constraints) has distracted planning theorists from value-adding by design. They have not developed 
tools to help figure out what affirmative actions to take. Direct action to enable and demonstrate 
better design and delivery of ecologically sound living environments could have a much bigger 
system-wide impact on reducing energy and resource consumption than incentives and regulations.
21
Eco-retrofitting would be easier and quicker to implement than land-use controls because, as we 
saw, it can be profitable, self-operating and implemented immediately. In any case, urban land-use 
policies designed to increase residential density would still depend on eco-logical design to achieve 
on-ground sustainable results and market success. Instead of building capacity in design, however, 
we are still instituting complex regulatory and market-based incentives that often impede capacity 


49
Sustainable Urban Form
building in design [Chapter 5]. Similarly, most demonstration projects aim only at incremental targets 
or ‘best practice’. So we have the worst of both worlds: suburbs are expanding but are losing their 
environmental and social amenity through densification, loss of public space and failure to maximize 
passive solar design. Many new suburbs are reducing open public space while increasing embodied 
energy and building size. Hence they increase the urban ecological footprint and total material flows, 
while reducing their potential for adaptation. 

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