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Chapter 11
1 A short version was published as Birkeland, J. (2006) ‘Carbon trading: Business as usual’,
Solar
Progress
, vol 27, no 1.
2 Roxburgh, S. H., S. W. Wood, B. G. Mackey, G. Woldendorp and P. Gibbons (2006) ‘Assessing
the carbon sequestration potential of managed forests: A case study from temperate Australia’,
Journal of Applied Ecology
, vol 43, pp1149–1159.
3 Costanza, R. et al (1997) ‘The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital’,
Nature
,
vol 387, pp253–260.
4 Calculations were based on the value of 17 kinds of services (eg pollination, waste treatment)
in 16 types of ecosystems (eg deserts, lakes) to get an average dollar value per hectare. This was
multiplied by the total area that each ecosystem type occupies on Earth.
376
Positive Development
5 Toman, M. A. (1998) ‘Why not calculate the value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural
capital’,
Ecological Economics
, vol 25, pp57–60; Heal, G. (2000)
Nature and the Marketplace:
Capturing the Value of Ecosystem Services
, Island Press, Washington, DC.
6 In the New Orleans flood of 1927, the dykes in the poor areas were deliberately breached to
minimize the impacts on the wealthy areas.
7 Eg Landcare, Waterwatch and Wastewise programmes in Australia.
8 HM Treasury (2006)
Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change
, UK Government, London,
downloadable from www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/contact/contact_index.cfm.
9 Heal, G. (2000)
Nature and the Marketplace: Capturing the Value of Ecosystem Services
, Island
Press, Washington, DC.
10 Daily, G. and K. Ellison (2002)
The New Economy of Nature
, Island Press, Washington, DC.
11 This was the case in Tasmania, for example.
12 Ridgeway, J. (2004)
It’s
All for Sale: The Control of Global Resources
, Duke University Press, Durham
and London.
13 Ibid.
14 For example, some are designed to flush out mosquitoes.
15 Recently land was sold by Aboriginals for uranium mining in Australia.
16 Birkeland, J. and S. Baird (2002) ‘Carbon storage’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for Sustainability:
A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, p209.
17 Kapambwe, M. C. (2006) ‘Wood use and carbon sequestration in housing’, PhD thesis, University
of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
18 Roxburgh, S. H., S. W. Wood, B. G. Mackey, G. Woldendorp and P. Gibbons (2006) ‘Assessing
the carbon sequestration potential of managed forests: A case study from temperate Australia’,
Journal of Applied Ecology
, vol 43, pp1149–1159.
19 Adger, N. and K. Brown (1994)
Land Use and the Causes of Global Warming
, John Wiley, New
York.
20 This seems to have been attempted unsuccessfully in post-Cold War Russia.
21 Ecological restoration for offsets is happening in the US, but apparently to offset increased
development in urban areas. See Noon, K. (2007) ‘Wetlands mitigation banking’, presented
at ‘Environmental trading: The essentials’, seminar at the Institute for Sustainable Resources,
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 22 November.
22 Recently the Australian Federal Government took a form of ‘direct action’ to stop endemic
aboriginal child abuse. Regardless of the merits of this action, it is not what is meant in this
book by ‘direct action’, which is used to mean physical solutions that improve the ecological base
and public estate.
23 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Pollution prevention by design’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of
Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp69–72.
24 www.bioacoustics.info/index.html
25 As a law school exercise in the 1970s, the author developed an incentive scheme whereby
homeowners or developers could build beyond the allowable development envelope for
greenhouse windows that served environmental functions, such as heating, cooling and ventilating
or providing plants for food and air cleaning. A version of this proposal was adopted by the City
Planning Department.
26 Some banks offer favourable mortgage terms that reflect the fact that the costs of living will be
lower in green and centrally located homes.
27 See www.fao.org/AG/AGL/agll/carbonsequestration/Activities.stm.
377
Notes
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