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Chapter 8
1 For a brief discussion, see Birkeland, J. and J. Schooneveldt (2002) ‘Regional sustainability audits’,
in J. Birkeland
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan,
London, p246.
2 To illustrate, the author applied this legal concept when an uphill neighbour chopped trees on
my property to enhance his view. Several lawyers said one could only get the value of the wood
(a few hundred dollars at most), but with the threat to sue for the increased value in his property
(in proportion to the inflation in the respective properties), the neighbour’s insurance company
settled for $30,000 (1981 dollars).
3 For a one-page introduction, see Rees, W. E. (2002) ‘Eco-footprints and eco-logical design’,
in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
,
Earthscan, London, p73.
4 Wackernagel, M. and W. E. Rees (1996)
Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing the Human Impact on
the Earth
, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, BC, Canada, and New Haven, CT.
5 Hunter, C. and J. Shaw (2007 ‘The ecological footprint as a key indicator of sustainable tourism’,
Tourism Management
, vol 28, no 1, pp46–57.
6 World Bank (2006)
The Little Green Data Book 2006
, World Bank, Washington, DC; World Bank
(2006a)
World Development Indicators
, World Bank, Washington, DC; Daly, H. E. and K. N.
Townsend (eds) (1992)
Valuing the Earth: Economics, Ecology, Ethics
, MIT Press, Boston, MA.
7 Barlow, M. and T. Clarke (2003)
Blue Gold: The Battle against Corporate Theft of the World’s Water
,
Earthscan, London.
8 ABC (Australian Broadcasting Commission), ‘Protest turns violent at APEC’, ABC News, article
posted 18 November 2005, viewed August 2007, www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2005/11/18/1510
311.htm.
9 Lecture by Peter Cock of Monash University at Students for Sustainability Conference, Latrobe
University, Melbourne, Australia, July 2004.
372
Positive Development
10 Food mile labelling indicates carbon content, in particular associated with how far the food has
come, and therefore indicates its carbon footprint.
11 See www.gci.org.uk.
12 As environmentalists have long argued, birth rates go down when people do not need large
numbers of children as ‘old age insurance’.
13 Personal communication from physicist Richard Meuller.
14 See Pearce, F. (2002) ‘Green foundations’,
NewScientist
, 13 July, pp39–40.
15 See Ecoforestry Institute, British Columbia, http://ecoforestry.ca/default.htm.
16 See Lifset, R. (2004) ‘Probing metabolism’,
Journal of Industrial Ecology
, vol 8, no 3, pp1–3, and
other articles at www.mitpressjournals.org.
17 Brunner, P. H. and H. Rechberger (2004)
Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis
, Lewis
Publishers, Stockport, UK.
18 Lash, J. et al (2000)
The Weight of Nations
, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
19 Boyden, S., S. Millar, K. Newcombe and B. O’Neill (1981)
The Ecology of a City and its People:
The Case of Hong Kong
, Australian National University Press, Canberra.
20 Vermeulen, W. J. V. and P. J. Ras (2006) ‘The challenge of greening global product chains: Meeting
both ends’,
Sustainable Development
, vol 14, pp245–256.
21 See Birkeland, J. and J. Schooneveldt (2002)
Mapping Regional Metabolism: A Decision-Support
Tool for Natural Resource Management
, Land and Water Australia (first published as a report in
2002), Canberra.
22 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Education for eco-innovation’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of
Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp7–11.
23 See Birkeland, J. and J. Schooneveldt (2002)
Mapping Regional Metabolism: A Decision-Support
Tool for Natural Resource Management
, Land and Water Australia (first published as a report in
2002), Canberra.
24 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Responsible design’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated
Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp26–30.
25 For further information, see www.ilsr.org/index.html.
26 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Centrality of design’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated
Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp13–17.
27 Bamford, G. (2002) ‘Density, environment and the city’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for
Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp168–171.
28 For the case of Cornelia Rau, see www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rb/2004-05/05rb14.pdf.
29 See Diesendorf, M. (2007)
Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy
, University of New South
Wales Press, Sydney, Australia.
30 The field of environmental justice goes into this in depth. See, for example, Camacho, D. E.
(ed) (1989)
Environmental Injustices, Political Struggles: Race, Class and the Environment
, Duke
University Press, Durham and London; Bryant, B. (ed) (1995)
Environmental Justice: Issues,
Policies, and Solutions
, Island Press, Washington, DC.
31 Before becoming a lawyer, the author applied this legal concept when an uphill neighbour
chopped trees to enhance his view. Several lawyers said one could only get the value of the
wood (a few hundred dollars at most), but the insurance company settled for US $30,000 (in
1981 dollars), which was the increased value of his property in proportion to inflation since the
respective properties were purchased.
32 Diamond, J. (1999)
Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
, W. W. Norton and Co,
New York.
33 Birkeland, J. (1972)
The Value and Limitations of Advocacy Planning
, Report, University of
373
Notes
California, Berkeley, CA.
34 Urban Services and ACTPLA (2003) ‘Draft Sustainable Transport Plan for the ACT’, ACT
Government, Canberra.
35 For example, the Chinese Three Gorges Dam project relocated thousands, which could not
happen in a rich nation as the costs of relocation would be too high.
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