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Chapter 7
1 See development assessment forum, www.daf.gov.au/.
2 When the author moved to Australia 26 years ago, planners were notably uninterested in sharing
information about respective planning systems. Environmental management and planning has
become internationalized.
3 See, generally, Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Limits of environmental impact assessment’, in
Design for
Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp247–250.
370
Positive Development
4 Doelle, M. and A. J. Sinclair (2006) ‘Time for a new approach to public participation in EA:
Promoting cooperation and consensus for sustainability’,
Environmental Impact Assessment
Review
, vol 26, no 2, pp185–205.
5 In Australia, the response to the likelihood of rising oil crises was to set up a body of nuclear
experts to determine that nuclear plants should be built in Australia. This has been superseded
by a recent federal election.
6 When in San Francisco, MacDonald’s Corporation approached the author to find out if
neighbourhood groups were ‘active’ in an area they were considering building a fast food facility.
Based on that information they did not proceed with planning for a MacDonald’s on the proposed
site.
7 Esty, D. C. and A. S. Wilston (2006)
Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental
Strategy to Innovate, Create Value and Build Competitive Advantage
, Yale University Press, New
Haven, CT, and London.
8 The author has heard more than one reputedly ‘green’ architect boast that they can obtain green
building awards for adding pelmets to windows, without knowing anything about energy-efficient
design.
9 O’Brien, M. (2000)
Making Better Environmental Decisions: An Alternative to Risk Assessment
,
MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
10 This is not new, just not widely applied. The process was performed by the San Francisco City
Planning Department in the 1970s when they felt a site was ‘ripe’ for development.
11 For a discussion of contemporary issues in sustainability assessment, see Pope, J. and W. Grace
(2006) ‘Sustainability assessment in context: Issues of process, policy and governance’,
Journal
of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management
, vol 8, no 3, pp373–398; Gibson, R., S.
Hassan, S. Holtz, J. Tansey and G. Whitelaw (2005)
Sustainability Assessment: Criteria, Processes
and Applications
, Earthscan, London.
12 See Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Mini debates on EIAs’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of
Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, p251.
13 Gibson, R., S. Hassan, S. Holtz, J. Tansey and G. Whitelaw (2005)
Sustainability Assessment:
Criteria, Processes and Applications
, Earthscan, London.
14 Alshuwaikhat, H. M. and I. Abubakar (2007) ‘Towards a sustainable urban environmental
management approach (SUEMA): Incorporating environmental management with strategic
environmental assessment (SEA)’,
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
, vol 50,
no 2, pp257–270.
15 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Planning for ecological sustainability’, in
Design for Sustainability: A
Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp231–234.
16 This was the approach used by the Project Review Section at the San Francisco City Planning
Department when the author headed the section in the 1970s.
17 I drafted policies for eco-industrial parks that shift the burden of proof to developers for the
Natural Edge Project.
18 Gibson, R., S. Hassan, S. Holtz, J. Tansey and G. Whitelaw (2005)
Sustainability Assessment:
Criteria, Processes and Applications
, Earthscan, London.
19 The tragedy of the commons refers to where unlimited access to resources leads to resource
exhaustion as those that exploit the resource are able to externalize the impacts. See Hardin, G.
(1968) ‘The tragedy of the commons’,
Science
, vol 162, pp1243–1248.
20 See Trust for Public Land, www.tpl.org/.
21 See material by Paul Downton and Cheryl Hoyle at www.urbanecology.org.au/christiewalk/.
22 In the Australian island state of Tasmania, where the author lived for 13 years, the forest industries
371
Notes
appeared to be deliberately trying to wipe out ecologically sensitive areas before they could be
preserved.
23 When in charge of major project review, the author was politely told not to interfere in a big
project where the planning decisions were made directly by politicians and developers.
24 See Forester J. (1989)
Planning in the Face of Power
, University of California Press, Berkeley,
CA.
25 HM Treasury (2006)
Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change
, UK Government, London,
downloadable from www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/contact/contact_index.cfm.
26 Myers, N. and J. Kent (2001)
Perverse Subsidies: How Tax Dollars Can Undercut the Environment
and the Economy
, Island Press, Washington, DC.
27 Wackernagel, M. and W. E. Rees (1996)
Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing the Human Impact on
the Earth
, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, BC, Canada, and New Haven, CT.
28 See Lash, J. et al (2000)
The Weight of Nations
, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC;
Foran, B. and F. Poldy (2002)
Dilemmas Distilled: Options to 2050 for Australia’s Population,
Technology, Resources and Environment: A Summary and Guide to the CSIRO Technical Report
,
Commonwealth of Australia, ACT, Australia.
29 Institutional analyses of this sort exist, of course, but seem to have gone underground with the
demise of socialism.
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