Thinking, Fast and Slow

34: Frames and Reality
unjustified influences of formulation
: Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “The Framing
of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,” 
Science
211 (1981): 453–58.
paid with cash or on credit
: Thaler, “Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice.”
10% mortality is frightening
: Barbara McNeil, Stephen G. Pauker, Harold C. Sox Jr., and
Amos Tversky, “On the Elicitation of Preferences for Alternative Therapies,” 
New
England Journal of Medicine
306 (1982): 1259–62.
“Asian disease problem”
: Some people have commented that the “Asian” label is
unnecessary and pejorative. We probably would not use it today, but the example was
written in the 1970s, when sensitivity to group labels was less developed than it is today.
The word was added to make the example more concrete by reminding respondents of the
Asian flu epidem {an s less ic of 1957.
Choice and Consequence: Thomas Schelling, 
Choice and Consequence
(Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1985).
misleading frame
: Richard P. Larrick and Jack B. Soll, “The MPG Illusion,” 
Science
320
(2008): 1593–94.
rate of organ donation in European countries
: Eric J. Johnson and Daniel Goldstein, “Do
Defaults Save Lives?” 
Science
302 (2003): 1338–39.
35: Two Selves
“wantability”
: Irving Fisher, “Is ‘Utility’ the Most Suitable Term for the Concept It Is
Used to Denote?” 
American Economic Review
8 (1918): 335.
at any moment
: Francis Edgeworth, 
Mathematical Psychics
(New York: Kelley, 1881).
under which his theory holds
: Daniel Kahneman, Peter P. Wakker, and Rakesh Sarin,
“Back to Bentham? Explorations of Experienced Utility,” 
Quarterly Journal of Economics
112 (1997): 375–405. Daniel Kahneman, “Experienced Utility and Objective Happiness:
A Moment-Based Approach” and “Evaluation by Moments: Past and Future,” in
Kahneman and Tversky, 
Choices, Values, and Frames
, 673–92, 693–708.
a physician and researcher
: Donald A. Redelmeier and Daniel Kahneman, “Patients’
Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-time and Retrospective Evaluations of
Two Minimally Invasive Procedures,” 
Pain
66 (1996): 3–8.
free to choose
: Daniel Kahneman, Barbara L. Frederickson, Charles A. Schreiber, and

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Donald A. Redelmeier, “When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End,”
Psychological Science
4 (1993): 401–405.
duration of the shock
: Orval H. Mowrer and L. N. Solomon, “Contiguity vs. Drive-
Reduction in Conditioned Fear: The Proximity and Abruptness of Drive Reduction,”
American Journal of Psychology
67 (1954): 15–25.
burst of stimulation
: Peter Shizgal, “On the Neural Computation of Utility: Implications
from Studies of Brain Stimulation Reward,” in 
Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic
Psychology
, ed. Daniel Kahneman, Edward Diener, and Norbert Schwarz (New York:
Russell Sage Foundation, 1999), 500–24.