2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
Native cassava starch (Dragon Fish brand), with a moisture content
of 11 wt% and a molecular weight of 1.34
×
10
8
g/mol, was purchased
from Tong Chan Registered Ordinary Partnership (Bangkok, Thailand).
Glycerol (99.5%) was supplied by Patum Vegetable Oil Co., Ltd.
(Pathum Thani, Thailand). Sorbitol (food grade) was obtained from
Ueno Fine Chemicals Industry (Thailand) Ltd. (Samutprakarn,
Thailand). Xylitol (food grade) was purchased from Chemipan Corpo-
ration Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand).
2.2. Preparation of TPS films by blown film extrusion
Native cassava starch was first physically mixed with three different
types of plasticizer, i.e. glycerol (G), a glycerol/xylitol mixture of equal
amounts (GX), and a glycerol/sorbitol mixture of equal amounts (GS), at
various concentrations, i.e. 38, 40, and 42 parts per hundred parts of
starch (phs), using a mechanical mixer. The mixtures were then melt
blended using a twin-screw extruder with an L/D ratio of 40 and a screw
diameter of 20 mm (LTE 20
–
40; Labtech Engineering Co., Ltd.,
Thailand), with a barrel temperature profile of 80/90/105/115/125/
135/140/145/145/145
◦
C (from hopper to die) and a screw speed of
180 rpm. The extrudates were cut into 2.5-mm-long pellets with a
pelletizer (LZ-120; Labtech Engineering). According to the plasticizer
type and content used, nine formulations of TPS resin were obtained, i.e.
G38, G40, G42, GX38, GX40, GX42, GS38, GS40, and GS42.
The TPS resins were blown into the films using a single-screw
extruder (LE-25-30/C; Labtech Engineering), having an L/D ratio of
30, a screw diameter of 25 mm, and four controlled temperature zones,
connected to a film-blowing attachment (LF-400; Labtech Engineering)
with a ring-shaped die. The blown film extrusion was performed at a
barrel temperature profile of 134/140/145/140/140
◦
C (from feed inlet
to die) and a die temperature of 135
◦
C for all samples, except GS40. The
latter was blown into the film using a temperature profile of 145/155/
150/150/140
◦
C (from feed inlet to die) and a die temperature of 140
◦
C.
Screw speed and nip roll speed were adjusted to 35
–
45 rpm and 3 rpm,
respectively.
2.3. Characterization and property testing of TPS
2.3.1. Melt flow index measurement
The melt flow index (MFI) was measured according to ASTM 1238-
10. The measurement was performed using an MFI-2 (Custom Scienti-
fic Instruments, USA) at 190
◦
C with a load cell of 3.2 kg, a preheating
time of 7 min, and a time interval of 6 min. MFI was determined in
triplicate for each sample and reported in g/10 min as mean
±
SD (
n
=
3).
2.3.2. Moisture content determination
The moisture content of the film samples was determined by a
gravimetric method according to ASTM D6980-04. The initial weight of
each sample (approximately 250 mg) in a dried aluminum cup was first
measured using a four-digit balance (W
0
) and the assembly was then
stored in a hot air oven at 105
±
1
◦
C until a constant weight was ob-
tained (W
1
). The moisture content was calculated using Eq.
(1)
. The
experiment was performed in triplicate for each sample and the average
value was reported.
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