Theory of Translation 1 Introduction



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08 chapter 2

2.11.1.1 Level Shifts
: Catford defines level shift as “a SL item at one linguistic level 
has a TL translation equivalent at a different level” (p. 142). Catford distinguishes the 
four linguistic levels, viz. phonology, graphology, grammar and lexis. In his opinion, 
level shift occurs between the levels of lexis and grammar, as meaning cannot be the 
same across languages. So, translation equivalence is not based on meaning. The 
translation between the levels of phonology and graphology and the level of grammar 
and lexis is impossible. So, in translation, only one level-shift is possible–grammar to 
lexis and vice versa. 


57 
2.11.1.2 Category Shifts
: In an unbounded or ‘free’ translation, where the SL and TL
equivalences are set up at whatever rank is appropriate, there is sentence-sentence 
equivalence and the equivalence may ‘shift up and down’ the rank-scale. In rank-
bound translation, equivalence is deliberately limited to ranks below the sentence and 
“thus leading to ‘bad translation’, i.e. translation in which the TL text is either not a 
normal TL form at all, or is not relatable to the same situational substance as the SL 
text” (p. 143, emphasis in original). 
In addition to changes of rank, there occur change of structure, changes of class, and 
changes of term in systems. Catford refers to them as category shifts. They are 
discussed as follows: 
(I) Structure Shifts
: These are the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in 
translation. These shifts occur in phonological, graphological and total translation. 
They occur at all the levels in grammar. A structure is defined as the patterned way in 
which a unit is made up of lower-rank units when the structure of a target language 
contains different classes of elements or different arrangement of the same classes. 
Catford illustrates structure shift by giving an example of an English clause and its 
Gaelic translation. The English clause contains subject predicate and complement and 
the translation contains predicate, subject, complement and adjunct. 

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