Theoretical phonetics

Баённома №5 Кафедра мудири ___________
имзо
WINTER FINAL TEST FOR THE 3^RD COURSE
THEORETICAL PHONETICS
Name and surname: Sattarov Shakhzodbek Total score: 30 points
Group: 304 Gained score: ______


Variant 60
Task 1. Answer the following questions

1. 
   What is the main difference of Leningrad and Moscow phonological Schools?
   

Representatives of Leningrad phonological school emphasised. The distinctive function of the phoneme and the importance of the variants of the phoneme, while representatives of Moscow phonological school based the definition of a phoneme on the concept of the morpheme.

2. 
   If the member of opposition is differentiated from the other by one distinctive feature such an opposition is called
   

If the member of opposition is differentiated from the other by one distinctive feature such an opposition is called private. For exam­ple /d-t/, /f-v/ etc. Which differentiated by a voiced-voiceless (resp. fortis-lenis) feature. The member of such an opposition, characterized by the presence of a feature, is called marked and the member of op­position, which is characterized by the absence of a feature, is called unmarked. Thus, a voiced member is marked (+) while an unvoiced member is unmarked (-).

3. 
   What phonological approach was suggested by J. Firth
   

J.R. Firth stated: “Looking at language material from syntagmatic point of view, any phonetic features, characteristic of and peculiar to such positions or junctions, can just as profitably and perhaps more profitably be stated as prosodies of the sentences or word. Penultimate stress or functional germinations are also obvious prosodic features in the syntagmatic junctions. Thus, the phonemic and phonological analysis of the word can be grouped under … sounds and prosodies”

J.R. Firth purposely avoided the term "phoneme" in his work as "sound" is sufficient for his analysis. He illustrated his prosodic the­ory with the character of the English neutral vowel which marks junc­tions and required by the prosodies of word formation, especially in the formation of derivatives. The occurrence of Southern English diph­thongs is a good illustration of the value of his prosodic treatment. Be­sides J.R. Firth regarded the so-called intrusive r, linking r, the glottal stop etc. as prosodies. He also distinguished prosodies of strength quantity, tone in which the prominent syllable is regarded as the nucleolus of the group of syllables forming a word. He wrote: "The prominent syllable is a function of the whole word or piece structure", naturally, therefore, the prosodic features of a word include:
1. The number of syllables.
2. The number of syllables - open or closed.
3. The syllabic quantities.
4. The sequence of syllables (radicals and flexional elements sepa­rately treated)
5. The sequence of consonants
6. The sequence of vowels
7. The position, nature and quantity of the prominent.
8. The dark or clear qualities of the syllables.
J.R. Firth’s prosodic theory was developed and applied in the description of different languages. R.H. Robins classified syllable prosodies, prosodies of syllable groups, phrase or sentence - part prosodies, sentence prosodies, word and morpheme prosodies. John Lyons included some consonantal and vocalic features (aspiration, vowel harmony etc.) into the object of prosodies besides tone, stress and quantity as they all operate as "long components".
A new approach to the description of English phonemics and prosodies is given by A.C. Gimson who revised
some ideas of D. Jones and other representatives of the London phonological school.

4. 
   What is relative sonority theory?
   

Another theory of the syllable is the relative sonority theory, or the prominence theory, created by the Danish phonetician Otto Jespersen. This theory is based mainly on auditory judgments on the prominence of speech sounds, e.g. their sonority, or audibility.
Pronounced with uniform force, length and pitch, speech sounds differ in prominence (sonority). The most sonorous are vowels, less sonorous are sonants and the least sonorous are noise consonants. Otto Jespersen classifies sounds according to the degree of sonority in the following way (beginning with the most sonorous):
1. Open vowels /æ, ɔ, ɑ:, ɔ:/
2. Mid-open vowels /e, ɜ:, ə, /
3. Close vowels /i:, I, u:, u/
4. Sonants /r, l, m, n, ŋ, w, j /
5. Voiced fricatives /v, ð , z, ʒ/
6. Voiced stops /b, d, g/
7. Voiceless fricatives /f, , s, /
8. Voiceless stops /p, t, k/
. In a syllable sounds are grouped around the most sonorous ones which are syllable-vowels (and sometimes sonants). They form the peaks of sonority in a syllable. One peak of sonority (prominence) is separated from another peak by sounds of lower sonority. So, the syllable is an arc of sonority. The number of syllables is determined by the number of peaks of prominence. Thus in the word /melt/ “melt” there is one peak of sonority /e/ and the word is monosyllabic. In the word /metl/ “metal” there are two peaks of sonority /e/ and /l/ separated by the least sonorous /t/, and, consequently, there are two syllables.
5.How are the English Consonants classified according to the active speech organ?
According to the active speech organ English consonants can be classified as
1) Labials which can be grouped into a) bilabial /p, b, m, w / and labio-dental /v, f /;
2) Linguals which can be classified as:
a) forelingual which may be apical /t, d, n, s, z, q, ð / and cacuminal / r /;
b)medio-lingual /j/ and
c) back lingual /k, g, ŋ/;
3) pharyngeal(glottal) /h/.
6.A lingual, backlingual, occlusive, plosive, voiceless, fortis consonant phoneme…
A lingual, backlingual, occlusive, plosive, voiceless, fortis consonant phoneme. /k/

Task 2. Transcribe the following sentences

1. 
   Does she drink coffee?
   

| dəz ˈʃi: drɪŋk ˈkɒfi |

2. 
   The hostess a very pleasant, hospitable woman, took her seat at the other end.
   

| ðə ˈhəʊstɪs ə ˈveri ˈpleznt |
hɒˈspɪtəbl̩ ˈwʊmən |
ˈtʊk hə si:t ət ði ˈʌðər end |