Topic 5. The Verb as a Part of Speech.
Questions for Discussion:
1. The verb as a notional part of speech denoting process.
Its formal and functional properties.
2. The system of verbs‘ subclasses.
3. The category of finitude: finite and non- finite forms of
the verb (finites and verbids).
4. Verbal categories of number, person and their reflective
nature.
5. The peculiarities of voice as a verbal category.
The opposition of active and passive forms of the verb.
1. The verb as a notional part of speech denoting
process. It’s formal and functional properties.
The verb as a notional part of speech has the categorial
meaning of dynamic process, or process developing in time,
including not only actions as such (to work, to build), but also
states, forms of existence (to be, to become, to lie), various types
of attitude, feelings (to love, to appreciate), etc.
Formally, the verb is characterized by a set of specific
word-building affixes, e.g.: to activate, to widen, to classify, to
synchronize, to overestimate, to reread, etc.; there are some other
means of building verbs, among them sound-replacive and stress-
shifting models, e.g.: blood – to bleed, import – to import.
There is a peculiar means of rendering the meaning of the process,
which occupies an intermediary position between the word and
the word-combination: the so-called ―phrasal verbs‖, consisting of
a verb and a postpositional element. Some phrasa l verbs are closer
to the word, because their meaning cannot be deduced from the
meaning of the verb or the meaning of the postposition separately,
e.g.: to give up, to give in, etc.; others are semantically closer to
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the word-combination, e.g.: to stand up, to sit down, etc. A
separate group of phrasal verbs is made by combinations of broad
meaning verbs to have, to give, to take and nouns, e.g.: to give a
look, to have rest, to have a bite, etc. The processual semantics of
the verb determines its combinab ility with nouns denoting either
the subject or the object of the action, and its combinability with
adverbs denoting the quality of the process. In certain contexts,
some verbs can be combined with adjectives (in compound
nominal predicates) and other verbs.
As for semantic features, the verb possesses the
grammatical meaning of verbiality – the ability to denote a
process developing in time. This meaning is inherent not only in
the verbs denoting processes, but also in those denoting states,
forms of existence, evaluations, etc.
Speaking about verb‘s morphological features, it
possesses the following grammatical categories: tense, aspect,
voice, mood, person, number, finitude and phase. The
grammatical categories of the English verb are expressed in
synthetical and analytical forms. The formative elements
expressing these categories are grammatical affixes, inner
inflexion and function words. Some categories have only
synthetical forms (person, number), others – only analytical
(voice). There are also categories expressed by both synthetical
and analytical forms (mood, tense, aspect).
The most universal syntactic feature of verbs is their
ability to be modified by adverbs. The second important
syntactic criterion is the ability of the verb to perform the
syntactic function of the predicate. However, this criterion is not
absolute because only finite forms can perform this function
while non- finite forms can be used in any function but
predicate.
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