II.2 Some ways of correcting pupils’ mistakes.
In teaching pupils to read the teacher must do his best of prevent mistakes. We
may however be certain that in spite of much work don by the teacher, pupils will
make mistakes in reading.
The question is who corrects their mistakes, how they should be corrected, when
they must be corrected.
Our opinion is that the pupil who has made a mistake must try to correct it
himself. If he cannot do I, his doss mates correct his mistake.
The following techniques may be suggested:
1. The teacher writes a word – black, -on the blackboard. He underlines ck in it and
asks the pupil to say what sound these two letters convey. If the pupil cannot answer
the question the teacher asks some of his classmates. They help the pupil to correct
his mistake and he reads the word.
2. One of the pupils asks:
What is the English for “qora”? if the pupil repeats the mistake the ”corrector”
pronounces the word properly and explains the rule the pupil has forgotten. The
pupil now read the word correctly.
2. The teacher or one of the pupils says: Find the word and reads it lither without any
mistake was due to his carelessness, or he repeats the mistake. The teacher than tells
him to recollect the rule and read the word correctly.
3. The teacher corrects the mistake himself. The pupil reads the word correctly. The
teacher asks the pupil to explain to the class how to read ck.
4. The teacher tells the pupil to write the word black and underline ck. The he says
how the word is read.
There are some other ways of correcting pupil’s mistakes.
The teacher should use them reasonably and choose the one most suitable
for the case.
Another question arises: whether we should correct a mistake in the process
of reading a passage or after finishing it. The mistake should be corrected at once
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while the pupil reads the text if he has made it in a word which will occur two or
more times in the text.
If the word does not appear again, it is better to let the pupil read the
paragraph to the end. Then the mistake is corrected. A teacher should always be on
the alert for the pupils mistakes. Follow their reading and mark their mistakes in
pencil.
Silent reading. In learning to read pupils widen their eyes pen. They can see more
than a word a phrase, a sentence. The eye can move faster than the reader is able to
pronounce what he sees.
Thus reading aloud becomes an obstacle for perception. It hinders the pupils
comprehension of the text.
It is necessary that the pupil should read silently.
Special exercises may be suggested to develop pupils skills in silent
reading.
For instance “Look and say read and look up” (M. West)
To perform this type of exercises pupils should read a sentence silently,
grasp it, and reproduce it without looking into the text. At first they perform such
exercises slowly. Gradually the teacher limits the time for the pupils doing exercises.
It makes them read faster and faster.
All this lead to widening their listening.
Teaching silent reading is closely connected with two problems.
1. Instructing pupils in finding in sentences what is new in the information following
some structural signals. The letter. Is possible provided pupils have a certain
knowledge of grammar and vocabulary and they can perform lexical and grammar
analyses:
2. Developing pupil’s ability in guessing.
Pupils should be taught how to find the logical predicate in a sentence.
The teacher may ask this pupils to read a text silently and find the word
conveying the new information in text according to their position.
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There are some signals which may be helpful in this respect. These are the passive
voice (the doctor was sent for): The indefinite article (a man came up, to me): the
construction it is \was “it was not difficult for him to finish his work in time.
Grammar and lexical analyses help pupils to assimilate structural word, to
determine the meaning of a word proceeding from its position in the sentence, to find
the meanings of unfamiliar words, and those which seem to be familiar but do not
correspond to the structure of the sentence:
I saw him book a ticket. Pupils poor comprehension often results from their poor
know ledge of grammar. The teacher should instruct pupils how to work with a
dictionary and a reference book so that they can overcome some difficulties
independently.
Although in lyceum the teacher often applies grammar and lexical analyses
however he often does it not with the aim of the actual division or passing of the
sentence and better comprehension of the sentence or of the text but with the aim of
the checking of his pupils knowledge of grammar and vocabulary analyses for
revision. However much more attention should be given to teaching pupils how to
carry out the actual division of sentence to get information home a text. Here are a
few examples of structural information:
- Read the following sentences and guess the meaning of the words you don’t know;
- Read the sentence an idea struck me and explain the use of the indefinite article;
- Find the logical predicates in the sentences with the word alone even so;
- Read the text stress the word carrying new information in each sentence. I have a
bag. The bag is black it is a new bag. I like my new bag.
- These sentences are too complicated break them into shorter sentences.
- Find the sentence which summarizes the paragraph.
- By what words is the reader carried home sentence to sentence in this paragraph?
- What is the effect of the series of repetitions in the paragraph? To read a text the
pupil must possess the ability to grasp the contents of the text. The pupil is to be
taught to compare to contrast to guess and to force events. One of the most
frequently used methods by which children attack new words if through the use of
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picture clues. The use of context clues is another word- getting technique. The pupil
discourse what a new word is when that particular word is need to complete the
meaning of the sentence.
In teaching pupils to read much attention should be given to the development of
their ability to guess. One of the best ways to develop this skills is to give the pupil
the next for acquaintance either during the lesson or as his homework. He can read it
again and again “before questions” may be helpful. They direct if the work is done
during the lesson the teacher can direct his pupils in guessing new words. The
teacher instructs pupils how information from the text semantic- communicative
exercises are recommended. They are all connected with silent reading these may be:
-- Read and say why Jack doesn’t take the apple. – Read find the words which
describe the room – Read the text say what made the prime minister leave the
country. – There are two causes of the strike find them in the text.
The three types of exercises are distributed differently depending on the stage of
teaching. Pupils perform graphemic – phonemic exercises reading them aloud. The
teacher uses individual group and full class reading he checks the pupils reading may
making him read aloud. Pupils perform structural information exercises by reading
them aloud and silently the teacher uses individual group and full class reading when
pupils read sentences paragraphs of the text aloud and when the aim to teach pupils
correct intonation sentences. He checks the pupils reading asking him to read aloud.
The teacher uses mass reading when pupils read sentences paragraphs of the text
silently the objective may be different: either to widen their eyespan or to find new
information. The teacher checks the pupil’s silent reading by asking him to
reproduce a sentence or a paragraph through partial reading of a sentence or a
clauses through the pupils interpreting the text by utilizing true and false statements
questions and answers and finally translation.
Pupils perform semantic communicative exercises reading the text silently if the
work is done during the lessons the teacher uses mass reading. He checks his pupil’s
comprehension by asking the pupil’s individually the techniques the teacher uses to
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checks pupil’s ability to get information from the text may be different the choice
depends on the stage the following techniques may be suggested:
- Read and draw;
– Here are the questions:
- Find the answers in the text.
– Correct the following statements which are not true to fact.
–Translate the sentences beginning with the words … the teacher reads the words.
–Answers the questions (all types of questions may be used however why questions
are desirable)
- Translate the text paragraph when (where why)
- Translate the text (this may be done both orally and in written form)
– Write a short annotation of the text (this may be done either in English or in
Uzbek) Some of assignments may be done in writing. In intermediate and senior
stages the following techniques may be recommended in the text is easily. If it
doesn’t contain unfamiliar words and grammar items (as the case in the junior
form) the teacher uses those techniques which are connected with speaking with the
active use of vocabulary and sentence patterns similar techniques may be used in
intermediate and senior stages if the text is not difficult for the class. The teacher
asks him pupils a few questions to test their understanding. The interrogation should
be carried out briskly.
The teacher passes home pupil to pupil without waiting if a particular pupil
hasn’t got his answer ready. For the most profitable results of this work speed is
essential.
In ensures that all get a chance to answers. The teacher’s books open one of the
pupils ask a question or a number of questions and other answers. The teacher asks
the pupils to retell the text. One pupil begins retelling the text another continues.
Each pupils says a few sentence continues. The teacher asks the first group of pupils
to be ready to say everything they know about X the second sound group
everything they know about Y The third group about Y and so on. The teacher
arranges a discussion on the text read by pupils in class or at home.
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The work must be carried out in a way which will be of interest to pupils and
develop not only their reading ability but their aural comprehension and speaking
abilities as well.
If the texts in difficult contains unfamiliar words and grammar items and pupils
must consult a dictionary or reference book to understand if the techniques the
teacher uses should be different as the pupils read the text hot only to get information
but to improve their knowledge of the language and intensive work is needed of their
part. The intensive work may be connected with:
1. Lexical work which helps pupils to deepen and enrich their vocabulary
knowledge;
2. Grammar work which helps pupils to review and systematic their grammar
knowledge and enrich it through grammar analyses.
3. Stylistic work which helps pupils to become acquainted with stylistic use of a
word and grammar forms.
4. Context analyses which helps pupils to learn new concepts quite strange to
Uzbek speaking pupils.
The exercises are mostly connected with recognition on the part of the learners
namely find….. and read find ….. and analyses find ….. and translate read those
sentence which you think contain the main information; answers the questions.
The choice also depends on pupils progress if pupils are orally skilful the
techniques the teacher uses are to be those connected with conversation.
If pupils are poor in speaking the techniques the teacher uses should be those of
recognition translation retelling in the mother tongue. Unfortunately some teachers
have a tendency to test instead of teach during classroom work and they often
continue themselves to test instead of teach during classroom work and translating
the text. This is bad practice pupils are tested and not taught. More over the
procedure becomes monotones and the work is ineffective. A pupils who has been
called on to read and received a mark will not usually listen to his classmates. The
methods and techniques suggested above will help the teacher to teach pupils reading
as the syllabus requires.
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There are factors, that once discerned, make it easier for the reader to
understand the written text. One is the genre, like folktales, historical fiction,
biographies or poetry. Each genre has its own characteristics for text structure,
that once understood help the reader comprehend it. A story is composed of a plot,
characters, setting, point of view, and theme. Informational books provide real
world knowledge for students and have unique features such as: headings, maps,
vocabulary, and an index. Poems are written in different forms and the most
commonly used are: rhymed verse, haikus, free verse, and narratives. Poetry uses
devices such as: alliteration, repetition, rhyme, metaphors, and similes. "When
children are familiar with genres, organizational patterns, and text features in
books they're reading, they're better able to create those text factors in their own
writing."
Visualization
Visualization is a "mental image" created in a person's mind while reading
text, which "brings words to life" and helps improve reading comprehension.
Asking sensory questions will help students become better visualizers.
Multiple reading strategies
There are a wide range of reading strategies suggested by reading programs
and educators. The National Reading Panel identified positive effects only for a
subset, particularly summarizing, asking questions, answering questions,
comprehension monitoring, graphic organizers, and cooperative learning. The
Panel also emphasized that a combination of strategies, as used in Reciprocal
Teaching, can be effective. The use of effective comprehension strategies that
provide specific instructions for developing and retaining comprehension skills,
with intermittent feedback, has been found to improve reading comprehension
across all ages, specifically those affected by mental disabilities.
Reading different types of texts requires the use of different reading
strategies and approaches. Making reading an active, observable process can be
very beneficial to struggling readers. A good reader interacts with the text in order
to develop an understanding of the information before them. Some good reader
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strategies are predicting, connecting, inferring, summarizing, analyzing and
critiquing. There are many resources and activities educators and instructors of
reading can use to help with reading strategies in specific content areas and
disciplines. Some examples are graphic organizers, talking to the text, anticipation
guides, double entry journals, interactive reading and note taking guides,
chunking, and summarizing.
The use of effective comprehension strategies is highly important when
learning to improve reading comprehension. These strategies provide specific
instructions for developing and retaining comprehension skills. Implementing the
following instructions with intermittent feedback has been found to improve
reading comprehension across all ages, specifically those affected by mental
disabilities.
[7]
There are informal and formal assessments to monitor an individuals
comprehension ability and use of comprehension strategies. Informal assessments
are generally through observation and the use of tools, like story boards, word
sorts, interactive writing, and shared reading. Formal assessments are district or
state assessments that evaluates all students on important skills and concepts. Two
examples are the Florida Standards Assessment (FSA) and Accelerated Reader
programs.
Some texts, like in philosophy, literature or scientific research, may appear
more difficult to read because of the prior knowledge they assume, the tradition
from which they come, or the tone, such as criticizing or parodizing Philosopher
Jacques Derrida, explained his opinion about complicated text: "In order to unfold
what is implicit in so many discourses, one would have each time to make a
pedagogical outlay that is just not reasonable to expect from every book. Here the
responsibility has to be shared out, mediated; the reading has to do its work and
the work has to make its reader." Other philosophers, however, believe that if you
have something to say, you should be able to make the message readable to a wide
audience.
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Embedded hyperlinks in documents or Internet pages have been found to
make different demands on the reader than traditional text. Authors, such as
Nicholas Carr, and psychologists, such as Maryanne Wolf, contend that the
internet may have a negative impact on attention and reading comprehension.
[24]
Some studies report increased demands of reading hyperlinked text in terms of
cognitive load, or the amount of information actively maintained in one’s mind
(also see working memory). One study showed that going from about 5 hyperlinks
per page to about 11 per page reduced college students’ understanding (assessed
by multiple choice tests) of articles about alternative energy. This can be attributed
to the decision-making process (deciding whether to click on it) required by each
hyperlink, which may reduce comprehension of surrounding text.
On the other hand, other studies have shown that if a short summary of the
link’s content is provided when the mouse pointer hovers over it, then
comprehension of the text is improved. "Navigation hints" about which links are
most relevant improved comprehension. Finally, the background knowledge of the
reader can partially determine the effect hyperlinks have on comprehension. In a
study of reading comprehension with subjects who were familiar or unfamiliar
with art history, texts which were hyperlinked to one another hierarchically were
easier for novices to understand than texts which were hyperlinked semantically.
In contrast, those already familiar with the topic understood the content equally
well with both types of organization.
In interpreting these results, it may be useful to note that the studies
mentioned were all performed in closed content environments, not on the internet.
That is, the texts used only linked to a predetermined set of other texts which was
offline. Furthermore, the participants were explicitly instructed to read on a certain
topic in a limited amount of time. Reading text on the internet may not have these
constraints.
The National Reading Panel noted that comprehension strategy instruction
is difficult for many teachers as well as for students, particularly because they
were not taught this way and because it is a very cognitively demanding task.
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They suggested that professional development can increase teachers/students
willingness to use reading strategies but admitted that much remains to be done in
this area The directed listening and thinking activity is a technique available to
teachers to aid students in learning how to un-read and reading comprehension. It
is also difficult for students that are new. There is often some debate when
considering the relationship between reading fluency and reading comprehension.
There is evidence of a direct correlation that fluency and comprehension lead to
better understanding of the written material, across all ages. However, it is unclear
if fluency is a result of the comprehension or if this a separate learned task.
Our worksheets elicit the use of critical thinking skills at every level. While some
questions ask the reader to peruse the passage for particular details, most questions
involve the use of deductive reasoning, conclusion making, logical inference,
sequential analysis, tonal awareness, and an understanding of scope. These
materials are highly effective in supplementing the education of verbal reasoning
and critical thinking skills on behalf of the reader.
What is more, these materials are applicable for students of all ages and
ability levels. Many of the resources found on this page are available in online
quiz form at our sister site, ReadTheory. If there were only one aspect of language
that students could study (or that educators could teach), it would invariably be
reading comprehension. Beloved reading comprehension, a friend to nearly every
teacher of language. But what makes it so special? Why is it so revered by both
students and teachers alike? To answer these questions, it helps to know just what
reading comprehension is. Reading comprehension is defined as the level of
understanding of a text. This understanding comes from the interaction between
the words that are written and how they trigger knowledge outside the text.
Humans are thought to have a set reserve, an established threshold for attention
and absorption of information, commonly referred to as processing capacity. This
being the case, it is generally believed that proficient reading depends on the
ability to recognize words quickly and effortlessly. If word recognition is difficult,
students use too much of their processing capacity to read individual words, which
57
interferes with their ability to comprehend what is read. Many educators in the
United States believe that students need to learn to analyze text (comprehend it)
even before they can read it on their own, and comprehension instruction
generally begins in pre-Kindergarten or Kindergarten. But other US educators
consider this reading approach to be completely backward for very young
children, arguing that the children must learn how to decode the words in a story
through phonics before they can analyze the story itself. The reason why reading
comprehension is such an effective learning tool is that, like art, it teaches students
to manipulate particulars in attempt to represent the universal. When a student
reads a text, he or she is forced to absorb a great deal of particular facts
concerning an infinitude of seemingly random subjects (volcanoes, molecules,
skateboarding, etc.) and assimilate them into the bigger picture, establishing just
how they fit in, or relate, to the broader world. Mathematics, the diametrical
opposite of art, challenges students in an inverse way; it teaches them to
manipulate universals in order to represent the particular. No matter what the
number "3" may come to stand for - volcanoes or molecules or skateboards - the
student will be able to manipulate these things given his or her understanding of
math. Based on this understanding, one might actually say that reading
comprehension shares a unique association with art and math, each providing a
way of understanding the world from a fundamental, yet polar, perspective.
Reading Comprehension (also known as Critical Reading) questions test
your ability to understand a passage and answer questions on the basis of what is
stated and implied in the passage. You need to read the passage first so that you
can identify the main idea of the passage and appreciate features such as the
author's tone and attitude as well as the organization of the passage. Scroll back to
the relevant point in the text as you do each question.
Passages on the SAT vary in length from short paragraphs that take 3 minutes to
read and answer two questions, to ones that take 15 minutes to read and answer 13
questions. One section will contain two related long passages. Mini tests 11 - 14
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contain one paragraph reading comprehensions. Be sure to read the directions and
the time allowed at the beginning of each of our mini tests.
The reading passage is accompanied by a set of questions based on the passage
and any introductory material that is given. Answer the questions according to
what is stated or implied in the passage.
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