How Feeling Bad Leads to Giving In
Page 134—Stress survey:
American Psychological Association (APA) study, “Stress in America.”
American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: 2007.
Page 135—Chocolate leads to guilt:
Macdiarmid, J. I., and M. M. Hetherington. “Mood
Modulation by Food: An Exploration of Affect and Cravings in ‘Chocolate Addicts.’ ”
British
Journal of Clinical Psychology
34 (1995): 129–38.
Page 135—Stress and smoking:
Erblich, J., C. Lerman, D. W. Self, G. A. Diaz, and D. H.
Bovbjerg. “Stress-Induced Cigarette Craving: Effects of the Drd2 Taqi Rflp and Slc6a3 Vntr
Polymorphisms.”
The Pharmacogenomics Journal
4 (2004): 102–09.
Page 135—Stress and eating:
Oliver, G., J. Wardle, and E. L. Gibson. “Stress and Food Choice:
A Laboratory Study.”
Psychosomatic Medicine
62 (2000): 853–65.
Page 135—Stressed-out rats:
Yap, J. J., and K. A. Miczek. “Stress
and Rodent Models of Drug
Addiction: Role of VTA-Accumbens-PFC-Amygdala Circuit.”
Drug Discovery Today: Disease
Models
5 (2008): 259–70.
Page 135—Real-world stress triggers relapse:
Oaten, M., and K. Cheng. “Academic Examination
Stress Impairs Self-Control.”
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
24 (2005): 254–79.
Page 136—Stress and cravings:
Sinha, R., C. Lacadie, P. Skudlarski, R. Fulbright, B. Rounsaville,
T. Kosten, and B. Wexler. “Neural Activity Associated with Stress-Induced Cocaine Craving: A
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.”
Psychopharmacology
183 (2005): 171–80.
Page 136—Feeling bad makes cake look good:
Chun, H., V. M. Patrick, and D. J. MacInnis.
“Making Prudent Vs. Impulsive Choices: The Role of Anticipated Shame and Guilt on Consumer
Self-Control.”
Advances in Consumer Research
34 (2007): 715–19.
Page 136—Shopping to relieve anxiety:
Pine, K. J. “Report on a
Survey into Female Economic
Behaviour and the Emotion Regulatory Role of Spending.”
Sheconomics
website, 2009, pp. 1–24.
www.sheconomics.com/downloads/womens_emotions.pdf
.
P
age 137—Goal to feel better trumps self-control:
Tice, D. M., and E. Bratslavsky. “Giving In to
Feel Good: The Place of Emotion Regulation in the Context of General Self-Control.”
Psychological
Inquiry: An International Journal for the Advancement of Psychological Theory
11 (2000): 149–
59.
Page 139—Terror management theory:
Burke, B. L., A. Martens, and E. H. Faucher. “Two
Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research.”
Personality and Social Psychology Review
14 (2010): 155–95.
Page 140—Death and comfort eating:
Mandel, N., and D. Smeesters. “The Sweet Escape: Effects
of Mortality Salience on Consumption Quantities for High- and Low-Self-Esteem Consumers.”
Journal of Consumer Research
35 (2008): 309–23.
Page 140—Death and status symbols:
Mandel, N., and S. J. Heine. “Terror Management and
Marketing: He Who Dies with the Most Toys Wins.”
Advances in Consumer Research
26 (1999):
527–32.
Page 140—September 11, 2001, and shopping:
Arndt, J., S. Solomon, T. Kasser, and K. M.
Sheldon. “The Urge to Splurge: A Terror Management Account of Materialism and Consumer
Behavior.”
Journal of Consumer Psychology
14 (2004): 198–212.
Page 140—Sad film prompts impulse purchase:
Cryder, C. E., J. S. Lerner, J. J. Gross, and R. E.
Dahl. “Misery Is Not Miserly: Sad and Self-Focused Individuals Spend More.”
Psychological
Science
19 (2008): 525–30.
Page 141—Warning labels may backfire:
Hansen, J., S. Winzeler, and S. Topolinski. “When the
Death Makes You Smoke: A Terror Management Perspective on the Effectiveness
of Cigarette on-
Pack Warnings.”
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
46 (2010): 226–28.
Page 143—The what-the-hell effect:
Polivy, J., and C. P. Herman. “Dieting and Binging: A Causal
Analysis.”
American Psychologist
40 (1985): 193–201. See also guilt survey: Steenhuis, I. “Guilty
or Not? Feelings of Guilt About Food Among College Women.”
Appetite
52 (2009): 531–34
Page 144—Drinking and guilt:
Muraven, M., R. L. Collins, E. T. Morsheimer, S. Shiff-man, and J.
A. Paty. “The Morning After: Limit Violations and the Self-Regulation of Alcohol Consumption.”
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
19 (2005): 253–62.
P
age 144—Eating more than others triggers what-the-hell effect:
Polivy, J., C. P. Herman, and R.
Deo. “Getting a Bigger Slice of the Pie. Effects on Eating and Emotion in Restrained and
Unrestrained Eaters.”
Appetite
55 (2010): 426–30.
Page 144—Rigged scale triggers what-the-hell effect:
McFarlane, T., J. Polivy, and C. P.
Herman. “Effects of False Weight Feedback on Mood, Self-Evaluation, and Food Intake in Restrained
and Unrestrained Eaters.”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
107 (1998): 312–18.
Page 145—Breaking the what-the-hell cycle:
Adams, C. E., and M. R. Leary. “Promoting Self-
Compassionate Attitudes toward Eating among Restrictive and Guilty Eaters.”
Journal of Social and
Clinical Psychology
26 (2007): 1120–44.
Page 147—Self-criticism and self-control:
Trumpeter, N., P. J. Watson, and B. J. O’Leary.
“Factors within Multidimensional Perfectionism Scales: Complexity
of Relationships with Self-
Esteem, Narcissism,
Self-Control, and Self-Criticism.”
Personality and Individual Differences
41
(2006): 849–60. See also Wills, T. A., F. X. Gibbons, J. D. Sargent, M. Gerrard, H.-R. Lee, and S.
Dal Cin. “Good Self-Control Moderates the Effect of Mass Media
on Adolescent Tobacco and
Alcohol Use: Tests with Studies of Children and Adolescents.”
Health Psychology
29 (2010): 539–
49. Cetýn, B., H. B. Gunduz, and A. Akin. “An Investigation of the Relationships between Self-
Compassion,
Motivation, and Burnout with Structural Equation Modeling.”
Abant Ýzzet Baysal
Universitesi Eðitim Fakultesi Dergisi Cilt
8 (2008): 39–45.
Page 148—Self-criticism and depression:
Gilbert, P., K. McEwan, M. Matos, and A. Rivis.
“Fears of Compassion: Development of Three Self-Report Measures.”
Psychology and
Psychotherapy
(2010). Epub ahead of print.
Page 148—Guilt and procrastination:
Wohl, M. J. A., T. A. Pychyl, and S. H. Bennett. “I Forgive
Myself, Now I Can Study: How Self-Forgiveness for Procrastinating Can Reduce Future
Procrastination.”
Personality and Individual Differences
48 (2010): 803–08.
Page 148—Self-forgiveness and accountability:
Leary, M. R., E. B. Tate, C. E. Adams, A. B.
Allen, and J. Hancock. “Self-Compassion and Reactions to Unpleasant Self-Relevant Events: The
Implications of Treating Oneself Kindly.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
92 (2007):
887–904. See also Allen, A. B., and M. R. Leary. “Self-Compassion, Stress, and Coping.”
Social and
Personality Psychology Compass
4 (2010): 107–18. See also Neff, K. D., K. L. Kirkpatrick, and S.
S. Rude. “Self-Compassion and Adaptive Psychological Functioning.”
Journal of Research in
Personality
41 (2007): 139–54. See also Chamberlain, J. M., and D. A. F. Haaga. “Unconditional
Self-Acceptance and Responses to Negative Feedback.”
Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-
Behavior Therapy
19 (2001): 177–89.
Page 152—Resolving to change feels good:
Polivy, J., and C. P. Herman. “If at First You Don’t
Succeed: False Hopes of Self-Change.”
American Psychologist
57 (2002): 677–89.
Page 154—Plan for failure:
Gollwitzer, P. M., and G. Oettingen. “Planning
Promotes Goal
Striving.” In Vohs, K. D., and R. F. Baumeister, eds.
Handbook of SelfRegulation: Research, Theory,
and Applications
. New York: Guilford, 2011.
