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Chapter 5. The Brain’s Big Lie: Why We
Mistake Wanting for Happiness
Pages 107–108—The rat that liked shocks:
Olds, J. “Pleasure Center in the Brain.”
Scientific
American
195 (1956): 105–16. See also Olds, J. “ ‘Reward’ from Brain Stimulation in the Rat.”
Science
122 (1955): 878.
Pages 108–109—Rats shock themselves:
Olds, J. “Self-Stimulation of the Brain: Its Use to Study
Local Effects of Hunger, Sex, and Drugs.”
Science
127 (1958): 315–24.
Page 109—Human experiments with self-shocking:
Heath, R. G. “Electrical Self-Stimulation of
the Brain in Man.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
120 (1963): 571–77. See also Bishop, M. P., S.
T. Elder, and R. G. Heath. “Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Man.”
Science
140 (1963): 394–96.
Page 109—Case report:
Heath, R. G. “Pleasure and Brain Activity in Man. Deep and Surface
Electroencephalograms During Orgasm.”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
154 (1972): 3–18.
Page 112—Dopamine creates wanting:
Berridge, K. C. “The Debate over Dopamine’s Role in
Reward: The Case for Incentive Salience.”
Psychopharmacology
191 (2007): 391–431.
Page 112—Pleasure without dopamine:
Berridge, K. C. “ ‘Liking’ and ‘Wanting’ Food Rewards:
Brain Substrates and Roles in Eating Disorders.”
Physiology & Behavior
97 (2009): 537–50.
Page 112—Anticipating reward:
Knutson, B., G. W. Fong, C. M. Adams, J. L. Varner, and D.
Hommer. “Dissociation of Reward Anticipation and Outcome with Event-Related fMRI.”
NeuroReport
12 (2001): 3683–87.
Page 114—Video games release dopamine:
Koepp, M. J., R. N. Gunn, A. D. Lawrence, V. J.
Cunningham, A. Dagher, T. Jones, D. J. Brooks, C. J. Bench, and P. M. Grasby. “Evidence for Striatal
Dopamine Release During a Video Game.”
Nature
393 (1998): 266–68.
Page 115—Gamer death:
BBC News. 2005. “S. Korean Dies After Games Session.”
www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4137782.stm
.
Page 115—Parkinson’s disease case reports:
Nirenberg, M. J., and C. Waters. “Compulsive
Eating and Weight Gain Related to Dopamine Agonist Use.”
Movement Disorders
21 (2006): 524–
29. See also Bostwick, J. M., K. A. Hecksel, S. R. Stevens, J. H. Bower, and J. E. Ahlskog.
“Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment
of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease.”
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
84 (2009): 310–16.
Page 116—Sexy images and financial risks:
Knutson, B., G. E. Wimmer, C. M. Kuhnen, and P.
Winkielman. “Nucleus Accumbens Activation Mediates the Influence of Reward Cues on Financial
Risk-Taking.”
NeuroReport
19 (2008): 509–13.
Page 117—Lottery dreams and eating:
Briers, B., M. Pandelaere, S. Dewitte, and L. Warlop.
“Hungry for Money: The Desire for Caloric Resources Increases the Desire for Financial Resources
and Vice Versa.”
Psychological Science
17 (2006): 939–43.
Page 11 7—Dopamine and immediate gratification:
Berridge, K. C. “Wanting and Liking:
Observations from the Neuroscience and Psychology Laboratory.”
Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary
Journal of Philosophy
52 (2009): 378–98.
Page 117—Food samples study:
Wadhwa, M., B. Shiv, and S. M. Nowlis. “A Bite to Whet the
Reward Appetite: The Influence of Sampling on Reward-Seeking Behaviors.”
Journal of Marketing
Research
45 (2008): 403–13.
Page 118—TV ads make us snack:
Harris, J. L., J. A. Bargh, and K. D. Brownell. “Priming Effects
of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior.”
Health Psychology
28 (2009): 404–13.
Page 123—Fish bowl:
Petry, N. M., B. Martin, J. L. Cooney, and H. R. Kranzler. “Give Them
Prizes, and They Will Come: Contingency Management for Treatment of Alcohol Dependence.”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
68 (2000): 250–57. See also Petry, N. M.
“Contingency Management Treatments.”
The British Journal of Psychiatry
198 (2006): 97–98.
Page 125—Dopamine and stress:
Kash, T. L., W. P. Nobis, R. T. Matthwes, and D. G. Winder.
“Dopamine Enhances Fast Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the Extended Amygdala by a CRF-
R1-Dependent Process.”
The Journal of Neuroscience
28 (2008): 13856–65.
Page 125—Chocolate is stressful:
Rodríguez, S., M. C. Fernández, A. Cepeda-Benito, and J. Vila.
“Subjective and Physiological Reactivity to Chocolate Images in High and Low Chocolate Cravers.”
Biological Psychology
70 (2005): 9–18.
Page 128—Stale popcorn:
Wansink, B., and J. Kim. “Bad Popcorn in Big Buckets: Portion Size
Can Influence Intake as Much as Taste.”
Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
37: 242–45.
Page 129—Test the promise of reward:
Smith, B. W., B. M. Shelley, L. Leahigh, and B. Vanleit. “A
Preliminary Study of the Effects of a Modified Mindfulness Intervention on Binge Eating.”
Complementary Health Practice Review
11 (2006): 133–43. See also Dalen, J., B. W. Smith, B. M.
Shelley, A. L. Sloan, L. Leahigh, and D. Begay. “Pilot Study: Mindful Eating And Living (MEAL):
Weight, Eating Behavior, and Psychological Outcomes Associated with a Mindfulness-Based
Intervention for People with Obesity.”
Complementary Therapies in Medicine
18 (2010): 260–64.
Page 130—An addict loses desire:
Miller, J. M., S. R. Vorel, A. J. Tranguch, E. T. Kenny, P.
Mazzoni, W. G. van Gorp, and H. D. Kleber. “Anhedonia After a Selective Bilateral Lesion of the
Globus Pallidus.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
163 (2006): 786–88. As in other stories and
cases in this book, the name used in the text is a pseudonym.
Page 131—Underactive reward system:
Heller, A. S., T. Johnstone, A. J. Shackman, S. N. Light,
M. J. Peterson, G. G. Kolden, N. H. Kalin, and R. J. Davidson. “Reduced Capacity to Sustain
Positive Emotion in Major Depression Reflects Diminished Maintenance of Fronto-Striatal Brain
Activation.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
106 (2009): 22445–50.
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