The verbals have tense and voice distinction

VERBALS

1. 
   The verbals participle, gerund and infinitive do not express person, number and mood, they are not used as predicate of a sentence.
   
2. 
   The verbals have tense and voice distinction.
   

Active Passive

Part I – ind. Writing being written
Perfect having written having been written
Part II- written, read and faded
Gerund writing - having written – having been written

While writing the test he made a lot of mistakes.

My writing is not very clear.

Being written on silk, the picture looks beautiful.

She didn’t want being written in pencil.
Having written his name he signed the bill.
He regretted having written that letter.

Он сожалел, что написал что письмо

The letter having been written ten years ago was difficult to read.

The main advantage of his textnbook is having been written by a native speaker

Infinitive:
To write to be written
To be writing --
To have written to have been written
To have been writing --
Note:
The tense distinction is not absolute, it does not refer to the present, past, future. The tense distinction of verbals is relative, it shows if the action expressed by a verbal simultancous or prior to the action expressed by a finite forms (the predicate )

3. 
   In a sentence a verbal may occur:
   

1. 
   Singly
   

She left the room smiling.
Reading is out of question I have a poor eyesight.
I want to leave

2. 
   In a phrase
   

He stood looking down at her,

When left to herself she spent her time sewing

After having seen his mother he went to hospital.

She started everybody by bursting into tears.

It was pleasant to be driving a car again.

He continued to observe the street.

3. 
   In a predicative construction. A predicative construction consists of two parts: a nominal part (noun &pronoun) and a verbal part (participle, gerund or infinitive). The verbal part of a predicative construction stands in a predicate relation to a nominal part. This relation is similar to subject – predicate relation, but the nominal and verbal parts are not subject and predicate
   

It is very easy to change a predicative construction into a sentence.
For example:
Participle as an object.

1. 
   I heard my mother coming to my room.
   

Я слышала, как мама шла к моей двери
Онамни менинг эшигим томонга келаётганини эшитдим.