The uzbekistan state world languages university english english faculty II english theoretical aspects department

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Homonymy and Polysemy1

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Web-resources (URL)

^{CONCLUSION

^To^sum^up^all^that^the^discussedⁱⁿ^the^main^part^we^came^{to conclusion:}^homonymy^and^polysemy^are^continuous^phenomenaⁱⁿ^{English and}^not^onlyⁱⁿ^that^language,^and^they^as^a^special^object^of^{Lexicology should be studied deeper for better understanding their great role in Modern}^English.^The^term^«word»^denotes^the^main^lexical^unit^of^a^language^{resulting from}^the^association^of^a^group^of^sounds^with^a^meaning.^This^unit^is^{used in}^grammatical^functions^{characteristic}^of^it.^It^is^the^smallest^unit^of^{a language}^which^can^stand^alone^as^a^complete^{utterance.One of the main topics of Semasiology is the problem of Homonymy. And we}^{have one more problem- that is correct usage of homonyms and differentiation them from polysemy .}

⁴²

^{Polysemy are two or more words partly identical in form and/or meaning, which}^may^cause^confusionⁱⁿ^reception^or^production.^Homonyms^are^{words that}^sound^alike^but^have^different^semantic^structure.^The^problem^{of homonymy is mainly the problem of differentiation between two different}^semantic^structures^of^identically^sounding^words.

^Homonymy^of^words^and^homonymy^of^individual^word-forms^may^{be regarded}^as^full^and^partial^homonymy.^Cases^of^full^homonymy^{are generally}^observedⁱⁿ^words^belonging^to^the^same^part^of^speech.^{Partial homonymy}^is^usually^to^be^foundⁱⁿ^word-forms^of^different^parts^of^{speech. Homonymous}^words^and^word-^forms^may^be^classified^by^the^type^{of meaning}^that^serves^to^{differentiate}^between^identical^sound-forms.^{Lexical homonyms differ in lexical meaning,}^lexico-^{grammatical in both lexical and grammatical}^meanings,^whereas^grammatical^homonyms^are^those^{that differ}ⁱⁿ^grammatical^meaning^only.

^Lexico-^grammatical^homonyms^are^not^homogeneous.^{Homonyms arising}^from^conversion^have^some^related^lexical^meaningsⁱⁿ^{their semantic}^structure.^Though^some^individual^meanings^may^be^related^the^whole^of^the^semantic^structure^of^homonyms^is^essentially^different.If^the^graphic^form^of^homonyms^is^taken^into^account,^they^{are classified on the basis of the three aspects —}^sound-^{form, graphic form and meaning — into three big groups: homographs (identical graphic form), homophones}^(identical^sound-^form)^and^proper^homonyms^(identical^{sound- form and graphic form). We often confuse polysemy with homophones and homographs,}^soⁱⁿ^that^work^we^saw^that^two^words^are^homographs^{when their graphemic representation is identical (i.e. they are spelled the same).}

⁴³

^{Two words are homophones when their phonemic representation is identical (they are pronounced the same). Homographs and homophones are subclasses of}^{homonyms. Polysemy can be introduced by following types: literal polysemy}^{(they are of the same part of speech, and differ only in some letters), sound polysemy (they differ in space of phonological records of speech) and morphemic polysemy}^(which^are^knownⁱⁿ^Russian^lexicography^as^polysemy^proper,^have^{the same radix, pertain to the same part of speech (POS), and differ only in prefixes and/or suffixes).}

^The^two^main^sources^of^homonymy^are:¹⁾^diverging^{meaning development}^of^a^polysemantic^word,^and²⁾^convergent^sound^{development of}^two^or^more^different^words.^The^second^one^is^the^most^potent^factor^{in the}^creation^of^homonyms.

^The^most^debatable^problem^of^homonymy^is^the^demarcation^line^between^homonymy^and^polysemy,^i.e.^between^different^meanings^of^one^word^and^the^meanings^of^two^or^more^phonemically^different^words.^The^{criteria used in the synchronic analysis of homonymy are: 1) the}^semantic^criterion^of^related^or^unrelated^meanings;²⁾^the^criterion^{of spelling;}³⁾^the^criterion^of^{distribution.}

^There^are^cases^of^lexical^homonymy^when^none^of^the^{criteria enumerated}^above^is^of^any^avail.^In^such^cases^the^demarcation^{line between}^polysemy^and^homonymy^is^rather^fluid.

^{The problem of discriminating between polysemy and homonymy in theoretical}^linguistics^is^closely^connected^with^the^problem^of^the^basic^unit^at^the^semantic^level^of^analysis.

⁴⁴

^In^the^work^carried^out^we^showed^what^kind^of^mistakes^we^can^{make using}^homonyms^and^{polysemy .}^They^are^{orthographic errors, syntactic errors, and semantic errors. Making these various errors we might not notice how our speech becomes senseless}^{or absurd.}^They^{are important for}^poorly^educated^{native speakers and for foreigners, and therefore we should study and teach homonymy and polysemy to make our speech clear.}

^{The results of this research can be used during lectures and seminars in Lexicology,}^Stylistics^and^practical^English^for^avoiding^mistakesⁱⁿ^{word usage.}

^BIBLIOGRAPHY

^{Критическая литература на русском языке:}

^{1. Антрушина Г.Б. Лексикология английского языка, М.: Дрофа, 2006}

^{2. Л. С. Бархударов Язык и перевод. М., 1975}

^{3. Дунаев А.И., Дымарский М.Я. Кожевников А.Ю. Русский язык и культура речи; учебник для вузов}

^{4. Красных В.И. В жизненный или житейский? Русская речь}

²⁰⁰⁰

^{5. Максимов М.Ю. Русский язык и культура речи; Учебное пособие. Под.ред. М.Ю. Максимова - М. 2001}

^{6. Ожегов Лексикология, лексикография, культура речи.}

^{М., 1974, с. 197.}

^{7. Розенталь Д.Э., Голуб И.Б., Теленкова М.А. "Современный русский язык"}

^{8. А. И. Смирницкий Значение слова. — Вопр. языкознания, 1955,}

^{№ 2}

⁴⁵

^{9. Фомина М.И. Современный русский язык. Лексикология -}

^{Москва 1978г}

^{10. Черняк В.Г. Русский язык и культура речи; Под.ред.}

^{В.Г.Черняк.- М.2003}

^{Критическая литература на английском языке:}

^{11. Arnold I. V. English word, М.: Высшая школа, 1973}

^{12. D. Bolinger Getting the Words In. Lexicography in English,}

^{N. Y., 1973}

^{13. Buranov J., Muminov}

^{O. A Practical Course in English Lexicology, T.: Ukituvchi, 1990}

^{14. Bolshakov & Gelbukh A very large dabatase of collocations and}

^{semantic links”2001,2002}

^{15. D.A. Cruse Lexical semantics.}^{Cambridge Univ.1986}

^{16. Ernest Leisi Das heutige Englisch.}^{Wesenzuge und probleme,}

^{Heildelberg, 1955}

^{17. James F. Ross Portraying Analogy. Cambridge Univ.}

^{18. I.R. Galperin Stylistics, M: Higher School, 1977}

^{19. Ginzburg R. S A Course in Modern English Lexicology, M.: Vyssaja skola, 1966}

^{20. A.I. Smirnitskiy Homonyms in English M.1977}

^{Dictionaries:}

^Press,1981

^{21. R.R.K. Hartmann and Gregory James Dictionary of lexicography. Rouledge,1998}

^{22. V. K. Muller's and Hornby's dictionary}

^{23. Mcdonald F., Delahanty.A Oxford School Dictionary, 2005}

⁴⁶

^{24. Peter Suber An English Homophone Dictionary Philosophy Department, Earlham College}

^{25. Webster's New World Dictionary, Third College Edition}

^{26. Бульчиков&Панюшева Словарь паронимов русского языка, 1994}

^{27. Л. П. Крысина. Толковый словарь иностранных слов М: Русский язык, 1998}

^{28. С. А.Кузнецова Большой толковый словарь русского языка.}

^{1 е изд-е: СПб.: Норинт.}

^{29. Лингвистический Энциклопедический Словарь, М., 1990}

^{30. International journal “Information Theories and Applications” Vol.10}

^{Web-resources (URL)}

^{31. www.yahoo.com}

^{32. www.rambler.ru}

^{33. www.google.ru}

^{34. www.onestopenglish.com}

^{35. www.wiktionary.org}

^{36. www.longman.com/webdictionary}

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