THE DATA
The examples of screen translating reproduced below are taken from the English-
subtitled version of the French film Un coeur en hiver (Claude Sautet, 1992).
This film was chosen for the following reasons. First, being a recent, widely-
distributed, full-length feature film, the quality of subtitling is high. Second, a
theme of the film is the establishment, maintenance and modification of personal
relationships and the ways in which these are or are not made explicit in
language. Thus, our central concern, which we described above as interpersonal
pragmatics, is always to the fore in this film. Third, the film contains many
sequences of verbal sparring, in which characters on screen seek to get the better
of each other, impose their will or improve their image among others present (cf.
the notions of face and threat to face, outlined above). This confronts us with an
abundance of the politeness phenomena referred to earlier.
In the film, Stéphane, a violin-maker, is attracted to Camille, a musician, who
is involved in a close relationship with Stéphane’s colleague, Maxime. Camille is
70 THE TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
attracted to Stéphane but the latter’s reticence and unwillingness to commit
himself is a growing problem between them.
The sequences from which our examples are taken are (
Sample 5.1
) a rehearsal
by Camille and two (male) fellow-musicians of a Ravel sonata, witnessed by
Stéphane, who has improved the sound of Camille’s violin. In the sequence, the
dialogue is between Camille and Stéphane. Camille speaks first; (
Sample 5.2
) a
dinner-table conversation between guests, including Stéphane, Camille and
Maxime, and their hosts.
Positive and negative politeness
Sample 5.1
–
Ça vous convient?
3
[Does that suit you?]
Like it?
–
Oui, m…
[Yes, b…]
Yes, but…
–
Dites.
[Say it]
Go on.
–
Vous n’avez pas joué un peu vite?
[Didn’t you play rather fast?]
You took it a bit fast.
–
Si. Vous voulez l’entendre à sa vitesse.
[Yes. You wish to hear it at its normal pace.]
Yes. You want to hear
it at the right tempo?
–
Oui, si ça ne…
[yes, if it’s not…]
(Music)
If you wouldn’t mind.
–
Alors?
[well?]
Well?
–
C’est très beau
[It’s very beautiful.]
(Pause)
It was beautiful.
–
Vous partez déjà?
[You’re leaving already?]
Leaving already?
–
Oui.
[Yes.]
–
Vous avez d’autres rendez-vous?
[You have other appointments?]
Other business?
–
Non mais j… je dois vous laisser travailler. Au revoir.
[No but I…I must let you work.
Goodbye.]
No, I must let you work.
Goodbye.
–
Au revoir.
[Goodbye.]
Goodbye.
(Other musicians) –Salut!
POLITENESS IN SCREEN TRANSLATING 71
– Salut!
[Cheerio!]
In
Sample 5.1
, what is really going on is apparent not so much from the
propositional meaning of what is said but from what is implicated in what is
said. Camille is seeking to provoke Stéphane and get behind his defences. Her
utterances constitute direct threats to his face. Stéphane, on the contrary, is self-
effacing and defensive; his whole strategy is to avoid going on-record and his
embarrassment is apparent not only in his speech but also in his facial expression.
Camille’s directness is also apparent in her gaze. To an extent, then, these
paralinguistic features will convey the interpersonal meanings to the cinema
audience without the need for them to be explicitly encoded in subtitles. But let
us look more closely at what is going on here. Camille’s initial question asks
bluntly whether her rendering ‘suits’ Stéphane (rather than simply whether he likes
it). What is implicated in such an utterance is that Stéphane is the kind of person
who requires things to suit him. This threatens his face in two ways. First, to
accept the question as it stands implies acceptance of the implicature that he would
wish it to ‘suit’ him—which, in turn, commits him to something which is face-
threatening to his interlocutor. Second, it commits him (a non-musician) to going
on-record in expressing an opinion of a concert-violinist’s work. In reply,
Stéphane’s strategy is consequently one of minimization of face-loss; he wishes
to express a point of view (the music was played too fast) but he cannot afford
either to agree or disagree with the question as put and so opts for a ‘yes, but’ which
is, even then, not fully stated but just alluded to (Oui, m …). Not content to allow
Stéphane to be so evasive, Camille insists, with a bald, on-record imperative:
‘say it!’ Now Stéphane can no longer avoid expressing an opinion. But his main
concern is still to protect his own face. Again, he takes redressive action by
putting his view in the form of a question, thus allowing himself the let-out ‘I
didn’t say it was too fast’ and implicating ‘this is only my view: you’re the expert’.
Not to be outdone, Camille replies as if Stéphane’s view had been intended as an
instruction. Her rejoinder Vous voulez l’entendre à sa vitesse (‘You wish to hear
it at its own tempo’) is uttered with the intonation of a statement of confirmation,
not with that of a question. Stéphane, again recognising the face-threat involved
in saying either ‘yes’ or ‘no’, is once more equivocal and hesitant: ‘Yes, if it’s
not…’ It is as if he dare not finish his utterances for fear of going on-record.
4
In the remainder of the exchange, three things are evident. First, Camille’s direct
(bald, on-record) strategy continues, with short questions which function either
as instructions (Alors?=‘State an opinion’) or as reproaches (Vous partez déjà?
and Vous avez d’autres rendezvous? may implicate ‘You’re not really interested
in me or my music’). Second, Stéphane’s evasiveness is further served by his
ambiguous reply C’est très beau, which can be understood either as ‘Your
rendering was beautiful’ or as ‘The music (but not necessarily your rendering of
it) is beautiful.’ Again, he avoids committing himself any more than necessary.
Finally, the artificial distance between Stéphane and Camille is thrown into sharp
72 THE TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
relief when their formal leave-taking (—Au revoir,—au revoir) is echoed in
much less formal terms (Salut!) by the two other musicians, whose relations with
Stéphane are apparently casual and unproblematic.
Thus far in our analysis, the textural encoding of politeness has included
lexical choice, sentence form (imperative, interrogative), unfinished utterance,
intonation, ambiguity of reference. These then are the linguistic features which
constitute the best evidence of the management of the situation, the interpersonal
dynamics and the progress of the conflictual verbal relationship. We now turn to
the sequence of subtitles to consider the extent to which the implicatures are still
retrievable from the target text. Unsurprisingly— and almost inevitably—a
different picture emerges.
The preference for brevity and ease of readability accounts for such
translations of Camille’s questions as ‘Like it?’, ‘Leaving already?’, ‘Other
business?’ Yet this concise style, omitting the subject pronoun, is conventionally
associated in English with familiarity and solidarity (in terms of politeness
theory, it is a way of minimizing face-threat by ‘claiming common ground’)—
the opposite of the strategy adopted by Gamille, who, in the source text, does
nothing to reduce threat to face. This different, altogether more conciliatory
Camille also emerges in lexical selection (asking someone about ‘likes’ is far
less face-threatening than asking about what suits him; ‘Go on’ is a conventional
way of encouraging a speaker to say more, whereas ‘Say it!’ is a direct challenge).
Finally, the mode-shift from speech to writing requires choices to be made in
punctuation. Camille’s question delivered as a statement (Vous voulez I’entendre
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